The Restoration Period in Spain: From Bipartisanship to Crisis (1874-1931)
The Restoration Period in Spain (1874-1931)
First Stage of the Restoration (1874-1902)
The initial phase of the Restoration period was characterized by a bipartisan system, with power alternating between the Conservatives (led by Cánovas del Castillo) and the Liberals (led by Sagasta) through electoral manipulation. The Constitution of 1876, drafted by Cánovas, established this framework. Outside of this system were the Republicans (divided into various factions) and the Carlists.
Key events during
Read More19th Century European History: Nationalism, Revolutions, and Imperialism
19th Century European History: Key Concepts
Political Ideologies
Nationalism
A sense of unique identity and unity within a nation.
Liberalism
Advocates for individual freedom and limited government intervention.
Conservatism
Values tradition, social order, and established institutions.
Socialism
Promotes collective ownership and control of the means of production.
Feminism
Advocates for equal rights and opportunities for women.
Major Events and Figures
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Restored monarchs to power
Read MoreWorld War I: Causes, Consequences, and the Russian Revolution
World War I: Alliances and Development
The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
The early 20th century saw Europe divided into two major alliances:
- Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
- Triple Entente (1907): Russia, France, and Great Britain (Italy joined later)
The Spark that Ignited the War
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, triggered a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Austria-Hungary, backed
Read MoreExploring East Asian Religions and Philosophies: Key Concepts and Figures
Confucianism
Key Concepts
- Five Classics: A collection of five ancient Chinese books used for study in Confucianism, believed to be written or edited by Confucius.
- Four Books: The accepted curriculum during the Ming and Qing Dynasties for those seeking civil office positions.
- Jen: Compassion and care for others, emphasizing the government’s role in supporting the elderly and children without families.
- Li (rites): Rituals and respect within relationships, highlighting the importance of roles and obligations.
19th Century European Nationalism and Political Upheaval
The Restoration of Absolutism and its Limits
Congress of Vienna (1815)
Following Napoleon’s defeat, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Great Britain convened in Vienna with the following objectives:
- Restore Absolutism (Legitimism): Re-establish the authority of monarchs as the sole legitimate rulers.
- Establish the Holy Alliance: Create an alliance to intervene in any region facing liberal challenges.
- Redraw Europe’s Map: Modify the European map altered by Napoleon, establishing new boundaries.
Challenges to
Read More20th Century Political Glossary
Key Terms and Definitions
Coup (d’état): A sudden and often violent overthrow of a government by a small group of people, usually with the help of the army.
Popular Front: The union of left-wing parties that narrowly won the Spanish election of 1936.
Crimes Against Humanity: Crimes committed against a large group of civilians who are innocent, which are planned or accepted by the government.
Satellite State: An independent country that is controlled or strongly influenced by another country.
SS (Schutzstaffel)
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