The Three Stages of Franco’s Regime (1939-1959)
First Stage (1939-1945)
This period saw Franco consolidate power, aligning with fascist powers during World War II. Key developments include:
- Institutionalization of the ‘New State’: Franco held supreme power, controlling the state, military, and the single party, Falange.
- Lack of Constitution, Rule by Fundamental Laws: Laws included the State Central Administration Law, the Charter of Labor (prohibiting unions), and the Constitutive Act of Parliament (a deliberative body with limited power).
- Falange’
The Khilafat Movement in India (1919-1924)
Disillusionment and Desertion
During World War I, some Indian Muslims grew disillusioned with British policy. Despite many serving in the British army against Turkey, desertions occurred among soldiers unwilling to fight fellow Muslims. Turkey, the sole independent Muslim nation, held the Caliphate in high regard among Indian Muslims, who opposed its potential division and the Caliphate’s abolition.
The Khilafat Movement Begins
Indian Muslims voiced concerns to the British government, which promised
Read MoreThe Restoration (1874-1923)
The Bourbon Restoration
The restoration of the monarchy offered the crown to Alfonso XII, son of Isabel II. Canovas del Castillo initiated the peaceful restoration process, solidified by General Martínez Campos’s proclamation in Sagunto. Alfonso XII began his reign upon entering Madrid.
The Political System
Canovas aimed to establish a stable and authoritative system with the monarch as head of the army, empowered by the new constitution. Inspired by the British model, the system rested on the 1876
Read MoreTransition to Liberal Monarchy in Spain (1833-1854)
Regency of María Cristina (1833-1840)
The death of Fernando VII led to the succession of his minor daughter, Isabel II, under the regency of María Cristina. This period marked the beginning of a gradual transition from the Old Regime to a Liberal Monarchy. Reforms included:
- Territorial division into provinces
- Trade liberalization
- Transport and industry development
- Rebirth of the National Militia
The Royal Charter of 1834 attempted to reconcile absolutism and liberalism.
Carlist War (1833-1839)
Led by
Read MoreSyntactic and Semantic Roles of Adverbs
Syntactic Roles of Adverbs
Modifying adjectives: Adverbs normally precede the adjective they modify: I’m really hungry. Exceptions: adverbs enough and ago: I’m hungry enough to…/I ate a long time ago.
Common adverb + adjective combinations are most frequent in conversation. The most frequent combinations are degree adverbs (really, quite, too, pretty, very, real) + adjectives (bad, good, nice, quick). The resulting expressions are evaluative with vague reference. Academic prose has more diversity
Read MoreSpain’s Political and Social Crisis (1898-1931)
Spain’s Political and Social Crisis (1898-1931)
The Crisis of the Restoration (1898-1931)
Reformism and Dynastic Politics
In the spring of 1901, sixteen-year-old King Alfonso XIII ascended the throne. This coincided with a shift in leadership within the dynastic parties. The 1903 death of Conservative Party leader Antonio Maura solidified José Canalejas‘s position at the head of the Liberal Party.
Forces of Opposition
Republicanism and Lerrouxism
Republicanism, along with Catalan nationalism, formed
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