The Spanish Monarchy in the 18th and 19th Centuries
The Monarchy of Charles IV
Charles IV’s reliance on individuals outside the government and his trust in Godoy illustrated the power of a young, originally humble soldier, Manuel Godoy. The execution of French King Louis XVI prompted Charles IV to declare war on France. The defeat of the Spanish troops solidified the absolute monarchies. The Peace of Basel subordinated Spain to French interests. Spanish politics vacillated between fear of France and attempts to appease it to avoid confrontation with
Read MoreWorld War II: A Global Conflict
The Blitzkrieg and Early Axis Victories
Invasion of Poland and Western Europe
The war began with Germany’s invasion of Poland using blitzkrieg tactics, focusing on speed and surprise to disrupt communication and destroy key installations. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. Germany then invaded Norway and Denmark. France, despite the Maginot Line, was quickly overrun by German forces advancing through the Ardennes. The Netherlands and Belgium were occupied in two weeks,
Read More19th Century Revolutions & Industrial Society
Topic 9: The Revolutions of the 19th Century
1. Demographic and Agricultural Revolution
a. Industrial Revolution:
Economic and technological changes began in Great Britain.
b. 18th Century Population Decline:
The population increased from 140 million to 266 million due to several factors:
- Progress in production, hygiene, food, and medicine.
- Better nourishment leading to increased disease resistance.
- Growing population providing more workers for industries.
- Decrease in birth and death rates, and increased
Early 20th Century Russia: Revolution and the Rise of the USSR
Russia in the Early 20th Century
At the dawn of the 20th century, Russia was a major world power due to its size and population. However, over 80% of its population were peasants. Serfdom had been abolished by Tsar Alexander II in 1861. A period of rapid industrialization occurred between 1880 and 1890. This industrial boom led to the rise of capitalism and the formation of a proletariat that began to fight for better living and working conditions, often using strikes as a key tactic.
Various opposition
Read MoreSpain: From Isolation to Democracy (1939-1978)
ISOLATION (39-50): ex kiso participate in the global 2G and Spain but pedia muxo was unable (desp. Of G.Civil) to help the fascist forces of the moment. (Hitler, Mussolini) Due to register on the side that defeated Spain keda be isolated from the rest of europa.Y withdraw ambassadors and UN Exane.
Exitos diplom. (1953) Vatican Concordat, the regime gave the freedoms and education igñesia x apoyo.Tratado U.S. Bases in 1955 after militares.Y within onu.INTENTOS OF MONARKIA: juan bourbon on many
19th Century Liberal & Nationalist Revolutions in Europe
The Liberal and Nationalist Revolutions
1820
In Spain, liberal military commander Rafael del Riego’s pronouncement forced Ferdinand VII to accept the Constitution of 1812. The three-year period starting in 1820 saw liberal revolts of the Carbonari in Italy, which forced Ferdinand I to concede a constitution and establish a parliament. These movements did not have enough social support, and the Holy Alliance agreed to use military force. In Russia, the Decembrist movement also failed. Portugal implemented
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