19th Century Spain: From Carlos IV to Alfonso XIII
19th Century Spain
1. Carlos IV (1788-1808)
Min. Manuel Godoy
French Revolution: War on France
Treaties of San Ildefonso (alliance with France): Battle of Trafalgar
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Mutiny of Aranjuez
2. Fernando VII (1808)
Bayonne abdications
3. José I (Bonaparte) (1808-14)
War of Independence
2nd May 1808
afrancesados / fernandinos
guerrillas
Battles of Bailén, Arapiles, Vitoria & S. Marcial
Parliament of Cádiz
- Junta Central Suprema
- Cortes Constituyentes
Liberales / conservadores
Legislation:
- Freedom
Ancient Greek Art and Architecture
General Historical Context: Ancient Greece
Hellas
Ancient Greece, also known as Hellas, was a collection of independent city-states (poleis) rather than a unified country. These city-states shared a common culture and territory, encompassing the coasts of Turkey, parts of the Black Sea, Southern Italy, Sicily, and Southern Spain.
Major Greek Cities
Some of the most prominent Greek city-states included Sparta, Athens, Corinth, Thebes, Miletus, and Olympia.
Historical Phases
- Minoan Civilization (2500-1500
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Laguerre CIVIL (July 18, 1936 – April 1, 1939)
In 1936, major contradictions within Spanish society led to the greatest tragedy of contemporary Spain: the Civil War. The process of reforms initiated by the Second Republic was truncated by the reaction of the classes that saw their privileges threatened. There was a clash between two conceptions of the world: democracy and fascist authoritarianism. It had international impact and led to the victory of the most reactionary sectors that created a military
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: A Concise Overview
The Coup and the Start of the Civil War
On July 17, 1936, a military uprising began in Spanish Africa and quickly spread to the mainland. The rebels found success in rural and conservative areas of Spain, while the industrialized and developed regions largely resisted.
The uprising failed to consolidate its power and devolved into a civil war between two sides:
- The Rebels: A conglomerate of military personnel, landowners, and business owners. They were monarchists, members of right-wing parties, and
The Second Spanish Republic: Politics, Society, and Reform
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)
The Provisional Government and its Challenges
The Second Spanish Republic began with the formation of a provisional government led by Niceto Alcalá Zamora. This government faced numerous challenges, including:
- Defining the political direction of the Republic, navigating between the left (Socialists, Communists, Anarchists) and the right (Monarchists, Traditionalists, Regionalists).
- Addressing the socio-economic inequalities prevalent in Spain, particularly the
The Age of Imperialism: European Colonial Expansion and Its Impact
The Scramble for Africa and the Rise of Imperialism
European Colonial Expansion
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers engaged in a period of intense colonial expansion, known as the “Scramble for Africa.” This period saw European nations rapidly expand their empires, driven by economic, political, and social factors.
European Occupation of Africa
- Great Britain occupied Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, and an enclave on the Gulf of Guinea’s east coast.
- Portugal occupied Angola and