Age of Exploration and Reformation: Impacts and Transformations
Geographical Explorations (15th & 16th Centuries)
Causes:
- Political: Territory expansion
- Economic: Gold & spice acquisition
- Scientific & Technological: Compass, astrolabe, caravel advancements
- Religious: Spread Christianity
Treaty of Tordesillas:
Castile and Portugal agreed to divide newly discovered lands outside Europe, following Papal Bulls. The demarcation line shifted west.
Requerimiento:
Formal document explaining to indigenous populations their obligation to accept Spanish sovereignty,
Read MoreClasses of Cities in Hispania under Roman Administration
Classes of Cities in Hispania Under Roman Rule
Introduction
Roman administration in Hispania heavily relied on cities as legal, economic, and religious territorial units. These cities comprised an urban center and surrounding territory. While some areas like Egypt, Syria, and Thrace existed outside this city-centric structure, their Romanization was less pronounced. The legal status of cities depended on their inhabitants, resulting in Roman, Latin, and peregrine cities, reflecting the treatment of
Read MoreThe French Revolution and its Aftermath
Subject 2: The Outbreak of the French Revolution
1.1 The Causes of the Revolution
In 1789, France was in a profound economic and social crisis. On one hand, since 1760, bad harvests had provoked rising food prices and popular discontent. The bourgeoisie, enriched by the economic growth of the eighteenth century, were dissatisfied politically. Additionally, the marginalization of the monarchy plunged it into a financial crisis. The solution would have been tax reform that would oblige the aristocracy
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: A Comprehensive Overview
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Development of the War
The Military Uprising and International Dimension
On February 11, 1936, the Popular Front’s victory in the general election caused concerns among both the right and left sectors. The right-wing, including figures like Franco, Mola, and Sanjurjo, began plotting against the Republic. On March 8, 1936, they met to discuss a conspiracy in favor of a civil war. General Mola decided that the plot would commence on July 15th. The murder of Calvo Sotelo
Read MoreFeudalism in Western Europe
Feudalism in Western Europe (9th-13th Centuries)
Origins
Feudalism emerged in Western Europe between the 9th and 13th centuries following the Treaty of Verdun (843), which divided the Carolingian Empire. Weakened monarchs, facing threats from Viking and Muslim invaders, sought the support of armed warriors. In exchange for military service, these warriors received land grants, leading to the rise of a powerful nobility.
The Feudal System
Life revolved around the feudum (fief), a large self-sufficient
Read MoreSpanish Socioeconomic Evolution (1902-1936): From Agrarian Society to Civil War
EVOLUTION ECONOM.SOCIEDAD (1902-31) –
ev.Econom-en1900
was an agrarian country esp one poblacioncompuesta cn mostly peasants x (2 / 3) q miserables.A lived in conditions that occurred despite changes in the industrial sector highlighting among new industries, the electric sector in the hands of capital vascos.Surgieron in 1901 hydroelectric company Union Electrica en1911la Vizcaya and Madrileña.Las companies took advantage of the hydroelectric potential and energy production favored the development
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