Spanish Socioeconomic Evolution (1902-1936): From Agrarian Society to Civil War

Posted on Oct 18, 2024 in History

EVOLUTION ECONOM.SOCIEDAD (1902-31) –

was an agrarian country esp one poblacioncompuesta cn mostly peasants x (2 / 3) q miserables.A lived in conditions that occurred despite changes in the industrial sector highlighting among new industries, the electric sector in the hands of capital vascos.Surgieron in 1901 hydroelectric company Union Electrica en1911la Vizcaya and Madrileña.Las companies took advantage of the hydroelectric potential and energy production favored the development of metallurgy, cement industry and the chemical / growth was hampered by excessive geographical concentration, dependence on technological and market weakness interior.El industrial capital was in the hands of a few families supported x the protectionist policies of government / financial sector underwent dramatic changes in the early years siglo.En1899 the Finance Minister Raymond Villaverde launched a stabilization plan nacional.El minister imposed a drastic reduction in public debt interest payments and new limits pago.Tb conditions and public investment expenditure and improved the tax syst. This allowed all the surplus between 1900y09.Una Act of 1899 transformed the bank of esp in an institution at the service of monetary policy and private banking x lo q paso to control the emission of money and circulation fiduciaria.En this climate of stability were established banks bilbao, vizcaya, Commercial santander, Hispanic and Spanish credito.Los captured savings banks to invest in industry and focused their offices in Madrid and the Basque Country / World War I unleashed a boom economico.Hubo considerable growth of production and exports d x the disappearance of competition and demand of developing countries, growth was noted guerra.El in the textile, coal mining, steel, chemical, construction, marine transport naal / exports generated shortages of food and raw materials as well as a altisima.A Inflation in 1917 was reduced external demand, so q was the closure of many enterprises and increasing unemployment / economic crisis remained between 1918-23 xo to partir1924 began arriving U.S. Aid funds to xa REBUILDING home europa.Se economic growth in five government cousin used x xa banks undertake investment and infrastructure policy d / in these years was the plan of roads and created confederations hidrograficas.Tb was invested in the rail network and nationalized lineas.Se established part of the oil import monopoly (CAMPSA) and the company telefonixa / at the end of the dictatorship, the debt was important, the q condition performance of republican governments in full recession años30 /society-the population is slowly esp xo grew continuously from 18.6mill people to 23.5.Crecimiento was due to the falling mortality rate x sociales.Enfermedades infectious health improvements and continued to pose a serious problem, especially tuberculosis and catastrophe tifus.Mayor Healthcare was flu epidemic 1918-19-caused the deaths of 230000personas/otra cause weak growth was the emigration demog yaq 1mill perso left over to America in latina.Proceso stopped for Iguerra mindial and prosperity años20por attenuated in last economica.X q noted there yaq urban growth process towards 1930, esp q polation lived in cities was approximately 50% and from 1900-30SE sharpened differences riqueza.Dentro elite acquired increasing weight of industrial and banking acts around and she joined the q nouveau riche made fortunes during the docked guerra.Esta ruling class in political paralysis and feared any claim of mov worker / middle class experienced a significant increase as q urbanizacion.La process progressed Inflation consecuecia d cmo suffered the war radicalized q members supported the opposition parties(middle class was made from left) / stagnate classes were ‘living conditions while growing its political consciousness and their protests / in the 1st third sXX crecieon much labor organizations so their ability cmo movilizacion.Tras the strike wave of 1902 , won x workers, increase the unionized No anarqistas and socialistas.El psoa and the UGT had majority support in Asturias, Basque Country, Madrid, Andalusian countryside / anarchist unions had been severely persecuted decade cn pretext of attacks despite 1890.A Thus, their introduction grew up in Catalonia, Aragon, andalucia.1910 east and founded the new union baclona.Este cnt in the revolutionary general strike declared cmo basic instrument of struggle and rejection participation via the life of association polit.La other unions were working cat q cmo operated cooperatives and rooted more especially in the northern regions had many Peqeña dnd landowners / a comienzoa of the PSOE suffered años20 strong internal crisis d x the choice to join or not mov comunista.En1919 the Soviet government decided to organize the Third International, Called q Kaomintern to invite you to join the socialist parties of all mundo.Tras send a commission to the USSR decided not to integrate x lo q part d abandoraon socialist party in 1921 xa pce.En1930todavia found the party was small q nor troubled ruling classes / mov worker during the dictatorship remained almost inactivo.El psoe i ugt, aunq were tolerated x dictatorship, preferring to maintain the expectation / Pablo Iglesias died in 1925 and the party qdo under the direction of Julian Besteiro / the anarchism q divided between proponents of peaceful struggle and those who defended the insurrection last armada.Estos founded clandestinely fai (anarqista federation iberica) en1927.
mentality and way d life early in the century the majority of population lived esp immersed in the ways of life and values decimononicos.Hacia 1930la difference between life forms in tween city and countryside began to be significant / significant urban centers were trnsformaciones (gran via madrid and diagonal d bclona / the beginning of the century, public transport were the usual q mule trams were gradually replaced electricos.1919 x the subway was opened in Madrid and the en1924 of bclona/ did result in the electrification of everyday life: street lighting, light bulbs, electric stoves, cooking infiernillos xa / other inventions had rapid acceptance as the machines tuned and writing pens, sewing machines tuned, thermos, spring mattress, telephone. Los20 late, many houses of large cities had few had running water xo cn modrno bathroom. /
among the novelties of the moment has a minority use the car, film, whose success increased after the invention of sound recording in 1928 and the media these last modernos.En q hay q highlight the new system allowed typographical illustration d photographic images of calidad.La good press began to use cmo claim the headlines and get more radio differentiate secciones.La afternoon. Bclna opened in 1924, the 1st radio station and at the end of the decade was galena radio common in urban households / the happy tb años20 changes brought some women esp xa, xa Special packages the middle classes and altas.En1910obtuvieron free access to university, en1923se granted the vote to women over 23years q were independent in local elections and emerged q journals and associations began to spread the feminist ideology / los20 the decade mean the extension of civic concern and diffusion of information on grades mass urban / urban population knew the late developments came from abroad q (fashion, jazz) and more novel events (flight plus ultra). Was better informed and seemed tired of the old political sist and rough style and pure dictator 1927ya q from not convince almost anyone, even among the q had supported him at first.

The establish DE1931 And Two Progressive:

Provisional

Government:

to the outcome of the elections of 12 April (in areas with less able xa cmo elections handle large cities, won the republic), the republic was declared in different cities (1st in Eibar, then in other cmo madrid). AlfonsoXIII not abdicate xo esp.Se he left formed a provisional government, Composite x the dcha liberal Republican, Republicans left, repub radicals, socialists and Catalan nationalists gallegas.Quedaron outside the monarchical government, the Basque nationalists, anarchists and constituents called q comunistas.Se won the Republican coalition parties socialista.Los blocks became (without membership) to the masses, cn covilizacion.Tb capacity was the politicization of the media and public opinion / constit1931:
cn was drawn much debate a constitution parlamentario.Es democratica.Plantea a unitary state cn possibility of self-government in Catalonia, Basque Country, sist galicia.Qda established a unicameral (without Senate). The division of powers is maintained, cn besides some changes: legislative power remained in the hands of the courts, the executive, that is exerted x the council of ministers and the president of the rep (of parliamentary elections, x most in the council) and was established judicial.Tb dcho of forced expropriations x national interest and the possibility of d declaration dchos and nacionalizaciones.Amplia freedoms and universal suffrage(tb women). Tb in the constitution established the separation of church and state and civil marriage and divorcio.Igualdd of citizens before the education (including women) and dcho to trabajo. / this caused the cnstit appearance of discrepancies between r. And left, caused x regional autonomy and the question of religion (church-state separation). These differences resulted in the resignation of ministers Catholics (Miguel Maura and others) / Alcala Zamora was named president of the cmo republic.

Reformist biennium (1931-33):

This stage is carried out reforms sas No x the president: 1) military reform: its objectives: to end excessive cn No officer and obtain obedience to power civil.Xa It approved a law retirement of the officer (they are still offering full pay, were marching xo) and Hill Military Academy of Zaragoza, which sparked protests q (of General Franco) and gender tensions in the army. “) cn church relations: relations between church and state were complicated x actions by the president’, And Catholics felt atacados.Esas measurements were: state secularism (there are no religious manifestations in public), suppression of religious and clergy budget, approval of civil marriage and divorce, and secularization of cemeteries, the prohibition of teaching x religious orders, dissolution of the Jesuits, approval d the law of contract x the state.3 congregations) land reform, its objectives were to improve the living conditions of laborers and address the backlog they pais.Xa agrarian law was passed foundations for reform expropriations authorized agraria.Esta xa rural settlements, aunq no allowance could be (and large dominions of Spain) or cn ella.Podian badly cultivated land expropriated, the ever leased latest matches directly q exceed a certain size, shopping cn purposes especulativos.. / d this law results were limited due to the scarcity of resources xa yx resistance compensation of owners (requests). Besides, these, they became anti-republican, and peasants, disappointedoccupied their farms x cuenta.4) reform of the state: after the proclamation of the republic in esp, tb was made in Catalonia and also declare this independent within the federation Idera x Macia (ERC). The provisional government was prevented , xo to change is the Generalitat (autonomous government) and elaborated this Nuria.Xo status, when he was rejected in madrid DiscT x and R x groups republicns.El text was cut and passed in parliament and esp cataluña.Tras referendum on adoption of the statute (not Nuria) is convocarn regional elections, were won x esquerra q / in the Basque country wanted habia2grupos q reforms: in PNV and Carlists (Foral). Both signed the Statute of Estella, q was sectarian, undemocratic and unconstitutional / because of this, the Republicans did not approve this estatuto.Despues this, the Carlist and nationalists adopted the dividieron.Los naionalistas estat de Estella, very cut xo in 1936 cn octub support PSOE and the republic of izda.5)-
social reforms were carried out x the Minister of Labor, Long Caballero.Aprobo law employment contracts cn collective bargaining, the law of mixed juries and binding arbitration, the 40 hour working week, even in the field, increased wages, extension of social insurance role of the agricultural unions, q monitoring recruitment / 6) education and cultural education was secular, public and created about 10000 gratuita.Se schools and qualification of teachers, all predominantly cn xa end religiosas.Se schools created pedagogical missions, q taught cultural elements in the less literate, cmo la Barraca, Lorca.

BIENNIUM CEDISTA.ELECCIONES OF RADICAL-36 and the Popular Front

wear republicano-socialista/gran government distrust of the middle classes / noviembre1933-
election victory and the CEDA radical party (party cat). CEDA had more radical party disputed q / training government president was Alejandro Lerroux (party lies)-need parliamentary support of the yield / government measures-1) agrarian reform deadlock,, vengeful attitude of prpietarios,, rabasaires-confilcto of the Generalitat in the hands of esquerra passed a law favoring q’s, the owners d the land denounced the law was constitutional, “said q Central.En the Government antre Rabasa-government conflict vindicated propietarios.2) recovery of the budget of worship and clero.3) amnesty to those involved in the sanjurjada.4) remained the educational reforms and militares.5) became new laws, promotion of rental housing, new leasing law-favored rustic arrendaratios / t ugt radicalization psoe-length gentleman planning a revolutionary process, Indalecio Prieto-reforms, , cn collaboration games left busgueses d / conflictoscn Catalan nationalism and the Basque (paralysis of the elaboration of the statute) / multiplication of labor disputes and strikes, the yield tough calls and claim to participate in government three portfolios cn / rev of asturias x entry in the government of the yield 3ministros/ general strike asturias.Gobierno declares victory in war status / social rev supported x-socialists, anarchists, authorities x comunistas.Sustitucion revolutionary committees / repression of the rev-legion-Francisco Franco,, regular army-lopez ochoa / balance the rev of asturias-1450mueros (450fuerzas Etad, 100revolucionarios) 200heridos, the rep 5000detenidos/cataluña-proclamacion Catalan (Lluis Companys)-revolution politics ought to have been general strike acompañaa-cnt abstained from the general-ALL FOR Batet occupy the Generalitat and the central government suspended the autonomy of Catalonia / implications rev October-increasing influence of the yield on the government, appointed ex cmo chief of staff, the union of all left forces against Government-request repression of freedom of the detainees / CEDA radical government crisis-corruption, black market, differences (illegal trade under some sort of tax or fee by the state), differences between radicals and CEDA. Holding elections in February de1936 (q are the last democratic elections until 1976).
Popular Front (1936)-election campaign was violent and divided the esp 2bloques-popular front (from left republican bourgeois anarchism), divided and without a program DERCHO common / win the elections against the popular but no vote was very like-collapse centro-popularizacion/nombramiento matches the new president of the rep-Manuel Azaña and appointment of the new presi Casares government / government-action release of political prisoners, return of the government of the Generalitat, negotiation new statutes in Galicia and the Basque Country, withdrawal of military suspects, ex-Canaries, mola-navarra/sectores Conservatives had a new government-employers, church, tierras.Esto owners led to the radicalization x part of the PSOE and usc (social revolution) / in these months are-occupation of land, public disturbances, violence, street-Falangists, youth workers and anarchist party / preparation for the coup-mola (Navarre), franc (Moroccan Army) ,, sanjurjo (supreme authority). This led to engagement and civil-jons phalanx want fascist regime, monarchy Carlists-traditional, and monarchical deda-round castle alfonsoXIII/12julio-asesinato Lieutenant (Socialist), retaliation killing of bald-July-sotelo./17 army uprising in Morocco.

Civil

War:

military coup simultaneous takeover of the power centers cn support from civic groups engaged / lifting victory in africa, canary, except menorca balearic, internal expansion and backward / madrid lifting failure , Barcelona, Spain peripheral and industrialized / objective of the coup-defense of conservative values, defense of property, rev stem any potential social / development of war-CATCHING
UP MADRID-crossing the strait-legionnaire, regular / conquest badajoz-Yagüe/ocupacion of toledo / popular mobilization to potential acquisition of madrid-Republican government left the city in the hands of q qdo Miaja and Red / madrid resisted and then went into combat Brigades International (volunteer corps recruited x all xa wereldwijd cntra fight Franco and for the republic) cn the collaboration of the regular army / battle over MADRID-Q had cut the main communication point battles esta.Las jarama(which is in tables) and Battle of guadalajara (who won the popular republican army) / OCCUPATION OF NORTH-Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, Santander, Asturias. In vizcaya occurred in bombing of Guernica and Durango-operation condor / the Republican army, xa relieve the pressure in the north, unleashed two offensives (xa force to move troops franc) were brunete and fail-loss belchite.Esto a large area industrial. / PROGRESS OF REBEL TROOPS (Francoist) For the Mediterranean-Republican initiative teruel.Esto-making causes the battle of Teruel (3months)-Franco’s army reconquered the position / campaign vivaroz aragon-arrival and the Republican-gandesa divided into two / Battle of the Ebro-attack and amposta Mequinenza Republican,, start of the battle (2months), wear on both sides, the troops returned to the starting pt and French is tarragona / occupation Catalonia-the republican government comes to success / END OF THE WAR-recognition by government of ex-Great Britain, France v at madrid-revolt-married Colonel Negrin opposition and the Communists / was created a board of defense cn xa negotiate franc (Besteiro)-French demanded the surrender and succeeded the 1abril1939-which marked the end of the war.