Spanish Habsburgs: Rise, Conflicts, and Social Transformations
The Clash with France
Charles I and Francis I of France clashed over control of Italian kingdoms and duchies. In the initial phase, Charles’ troops won the Battle of Pavia in 1525. However, the pro-French stance of the Pope led to setbacks. Conflicts with France continued, eventually witnessing Spanish victories at St. Quentin and the signing of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. In 1593, Henry IV converted to Catholicism, leading to peace between Spain and France with the Treaty of Vervins.
Clashes
Read MoreSpain & the Napoleonic Wars: Crisis, Conflict & Resistance (1789-1814)
The Crisis of the Old Regime (1789-1808)
The French Revolution of 1789 triggered a crisis in Spain during the reign of Charles IV. Dismissals of ministers and reliance on Manuel Godoy destabilized the government. The execution of Louis XVI led to a European coalition against revolutionary France. Spain participated in the war of 1793-1795, experiencing initial success followed by defeat. The Peace of Basel in 1795 subjected Spain to French influence. The Treaty of San Ildefonso further aligned Spain
Read MoreThe Rise of Imperialism and the Labor Movement in the 19th Century
Social Consequences: The Labor Movement in the 19th Century
The Rise of the Working Class
The 19th century, considered the era of industrial workers, saw a shift in the workforce from agriculture and craftsmanship to factories. The living conditions of these workers were poor, with low wages and job insecurity due to liberal thought.
Origins of the Labor Movement
As workers became aware of their shared plight, they began forming associations, which were initially prohibited. In 1824, Britain saw the
Read More1917-1930: Crisis, Dictatorship, and Transformation in Spain
A Year of Crises in Spain
Military Crisis
The war in Morocco divided the army. Officers who served in Africa clashed with those focused on the Iberian Peninsula. A merit-based promotion system benefited those with war experience, causing unrest among those who hadn’t served in Africa. These officers, advocating for a seniority-based system, formed an association demanding raises and promotions. Prominent Africanist generals like Franco, Mola, and Goded believed the army should have a greater role
Read MoreHispanic America’s Independence: A Liberal Wave
INDEPENDENCE HISPAROAMERICA:
liberalism swept America Española.Como result, between 1814 and 1824 were the processes of independence that ended Spanish domination in America, except Cuba and p.Rico.CARAC. OF MOV. OF INDEP.: Hispanoamerica society: Spanish, Creoles, blacks and Indians were mestizos.1La elitela Spanish and Creole criollos.Laminoria was the social group most poderoso.Aunque its members controlled the economy, were unhappy because the Spanish directed policy and revenue collection
The Rosas Era: Politics, Conflicts, and Commerce
Allies and Opponents
Rosas enjoyed widespread support in Buenos Aires Province. Hacendados, merchants, the military, and the middle class backed his administration, viewing him as a source of order and prosperity. He also had the backing of the rural lower classes and some urban sectors, particularly in Buenos Aires. However, Rosas aimed to silence all opposition, both federalist and Unitarian. This led to numerous dismissals of civilian employees and military personnel, including members of the
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