Spanish History: Carlist Wars & Reigns of Isabel II & Habsburgs
Carlist Wars (1833-1876)
First Carlist War (1833-1840)
The Carlist Wars began as Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, challenged the regency of Maria Cristina. The Carlists gained strength, consolidating power under a colonel. After his death, the Carlists forced Maria Cristina and Isabella II to flee. General Espartero eventually defeated the Carlists, ending the war with the Convention of Vergara.
Second Carlist War (1846-1849)
Primarily fought in Catalonia, the Carlists were defeated in Barcelona
Read MoreHistory and Social Structures: A Summary
Prehistoric Era
Paleolithic
Nomadic humans lived in small groups, dominated by fire and creating rock art.
Neolithic
Agriculture emerged, leading to sedentary villages.
Metal Age
Copper, bronze, and iron were used for tools. The wheel and plow were invented, and megalithic architecture, like dolmens, appeared.
Ancient History
Urban Civilizations
Egypt and Mesopotamia developed centralized governments.
Classical Civilizations
Greece
Organized into independent city-states (polis). Athens saw the birth of democracy.
Read MoreSpanish Conquest of Chile: Exploration, Colonization, and Conflict
The Age of Exploration (1480-1520)
European Ignorance
In 1480, Europeans were largely unaware of the Americas, Australia, and parts of Southern Africa.
Causes of Exploration
- Marco Polo’s travels eastward sparked interest in distant lands.
- The development of printing facilitated the spread of travelogues.
- The Ottoman Empire’s control of trade routes to the East motivated Europeans to seek alternative routes to acquire silks and spices.
- Improvements in shipbuilding technology, such as the caravel, and the
World War I and the Russian Revolution
World War I
The War
The massive influx of women into the workforce during World War I filled the jobs vacated by men fighting in the war. Women played a crucial role in factories, supplying food, clothing, medicine, and arms to the fighters. They drove trucks, manufactured munitions, and packed dangerous explosives. They also performed vital work as nurses in hospitals. The economy centered on the war, with its sole objective being the production of armaments. Money was scarce, the civilian population
Read MoreAl-Andalus and Christian Kingdoms (11th-15th Centuries)
Al-Andalus (11th-15th Centuries)
The Taifa Kingdoms and Almoravids
After the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the 11th century, the Iberian Peninsula saw the rise of the Taifa kingdoms. Muslim dominance was challenged by the expanding Christian kingdoms. Following Alfonso VI’s conquest of Toledo, the Almoravids, a Berber nomadic group from North Africa, established a vast empire in the early 11th century.
The Almohads and the Nasrid Kingdom
The Almoravids were later replaced by the Almohads,
Read MoreRise of Modern Nation-States & the Renaissance (15th-16th Centuries)
The Rise of Modern Nation-States
Characteristics of Modern Nation-States
- Control over a large, unified territory
- Subjugation of the feudal nobility
- Creation of permanent standing armies
- Unification of laws
- Centralized tax collection
- Establishment of an administrative system
- Development of diplomacy
Early Modern Nation-States
Portugal, England, France, and Spain were among the first modern nation-states.
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain
The reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon,
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