The Second Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Era
INTRO TO THE SECOND REPUBLIC
It was an attempt to modernize the state, taking as a model Western European countries such as France, Germany, or Britain. An attempt to approach European development. This attempt collided with the privileges and interests of the dominant class (an oligarchy linked to the church and the army who did not want to lose their privileges and opposed the Second Republic from the beginning, leading to the start of the civil war and the dictatorship, which meant 40 years of
Read MoreRenaissance Cities, Trade, and the Rise of Modern Society
Causes of Renaissance Cities
Agricultural Development
Improvements introduced in the field since the eleventh century increased food production. Not everyone living in the country could produce their own food, and the population increased.
Population Growth
This increase is largely due to agricultural improvements. Those without sufficient land tried to go to cities to earn their livings in other professions, allowing for increased yields and agricultural existence of descendants.
Development of Trade
Cities
Read More18th Century Spain: War of Succession & Enlightened Despotism
Spain in the 18th Century
The War of Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht
Charles II, the last Habsburg king, died in 1700 without an heir and left the throne to Philip of Anjou, a Bourbon. However, Archduke Charles of Habsburg did not accept this decision, leading to the War of Succession. This war was both a European conflict (between the Franco-Spanish side and England, Portugal, and Savoy) and a civil war (with the Crown of Castile supporting Philip and the Crown of Aragon supporting Archduke
Read MoreThe First Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Period
IV. The First Spanish Republic
1. Weaknesses of the New Regime
The new Republic had two forms of understanding the country: the unitary and centralized state, and the federal and decentralized state. The period covered less than a year when the coup d’état of Pavia overthrew the Republican State. The first Republican president was Estanislao Figueras (February 24th), with whom the Constitution of 1869 remained in place, removing elements related to the monarchy.
2. The Federal Republic
With the victory
Read MoreWorld War I: A Comprehensive Overview
The War of Positions
New Fronts and Stalemate
Both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers opened new fronts and incorporated new participants:
- The Central Powers, joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, attempted to seize the Dardanelles but failed. Russia launched successful attacks in the Caucasus. The Allies encouraged the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman persecution of Armenian Christians, supported by their allies, led to the Armenian genocide, resulting in over a million
The Russian Revolution: From Tsarism to Stalinism
The Fall of Tsarism
In the 20th century, Tsarist absolutism hindered the development of political life and modernization in Russia. Nicholas II, the last Tsar, was crowned in 1896. Despite being a major European power, Russia remained economically and socially backward, leading to opposition against the Tsarist regime. This opposition culminated in the 1905 Revolution, a precursor to the larger 1917 Revolution.
Economic and Social Backwardness
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Empire
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