Rise of Fascism and Nazism: Dictatorship and Control
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Mussolini’s Path to Power
Initially, Mussolini displayed a semblance of respect for the liberal regime. He formed a coalition government and secured extraordinary parliamentary powers. However, in 1924, he triggered a major crisis following the assassination of Matteoti, the socialist deputy leader. Matteoti had contested the validity of the fascist-influenced elections.
Mussolini’s Fascist Dictatorship
Mussolini’s consolidation of power marked the acceleration of his dictatorship.
Read MoreThe Democratic Sexenio: Spain’s 1st Republic & Restoration
1. The Revolution of 1868
Economic and Social Causes
Financial crisis of 1866, crop failures, and unemployment in 1867 and 1868 fueled social unrest.
Political Causes
The Moderate Party’s decline, marked by the deaths of O’Donnell and Narváez, weakened Isabel II’s support within the army. The increasingly corrupt liberal regime further eroded public trust. Opposition parties saw revolution as the only path to reform.
Background and Triumph
Early revolutionary attempts like the Noche de San Daniel (1865)
Read MoreImperialism: Causes, Organization, and Global Impact
Causes of Imperialism
The world was divided into industrialized and non-industrialized countries, leading to economic imperialism. Major powers like the USA, Japan, and Europe imposed their influence, creating dependency. Europe possessed superior technical, commercial, and financial capabilities, along with extensive geographical reach.
A) Demographic Vitality
Demographic factors, such as population pressure, fueled imperialism. Improved transportation and psychological factors led to increased emigration
Read MoreThe Restoration in Spain (1874-1898)
Canovas del Castillo’s System
The Restoration, envisioned by Canovas del Castillo, aimed to create a stable political system based on the British model of bipartisanship. The 1876 Constitution defined a conservative and centralist framework, establishing Spain as a constitutional monarchy with shared sovereignty. Catholicism was the state religion, but freedom of religion was allowed. A bicameral system was implemented, with an elected Congress and a Senate appointed by the king.
Fundamentals of the
Read MoreIslam: Theory, Expansion, and the Mosque of Cordoba
I. Islam: Its Theory and Expansion
General Principles
The Muslim religion was founded in the seventh century AD by Muhammad. His new religion encompassed beliefs from different religions. The fundamental doctrine is stated in the Koran, given by Muhammad. The year 622 is key for Muslims, marking Muhammad’s move from Mecca to Medina (AH, the year of the Hijra, the year 0 for Muslims). After Muhammad, the political and religious leader became known as a caliph.
Fundamental Precepts
- Profession of faith:
The Spanish Civil War: A Nation Divided
The War Stalled Civil
On July 17, 1936, Colonel Yagüe launched a coup against the Republic. This uprising quickly spread through Morocco, with other military units across Spain joining forces with the Falange and the Carlists. Franco, having secured the Canary Islands, returned to mainland Spain to lead the Army of Africa. The Republic’s slow response was due to internal divisions. On July 19, 1936, J. Quiroga replaced the previous government and armed the militias of the Popular Front. Although
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