The French Revolution: A Four-Stage Transformation
The French Revolution
Origins of the French Revolution
Despite the signs of prosperity, there was much discontent and unrest in France in the 80s of the eighteenth century. French institutions were obsolete, inefficient and inconsistent. The nobility and the eternal inheritance companies put the control. Everyone who was connected with the ideas of the Enlightenment was considered irrational and unfair. The social and legal differences that allowed a high position or political influence particularly
The Old Regime and the French Revolution
The Old Regime
The Old Regime was the prevailing organizational form in Europe and its colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. This term was coined by late 18th-century revolutionaries who sought to dismantle this system.
Europe’s Map and Governance
The map of Europe during this period differed significantly from today. Habsburg territories, both Spanish and Austrian, occupied much of the continent, although France emerged as a major power by the late 17th century. Absolute monarchies, where
Read MoreThe World Economy in Crisis: 1914-1945
The World Economy in Crisis (1914-1945)
The Complexities of 1914-1945
The period from 1914 to 1945 presented immense economic complexities and difficulties. Several key events marked this era:
- Two World Wars: World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945)
- The Great Depression (1929-1935)
- Crisis of liberal democracies and the rise of fascism
- The emergence of an economic system antagonistic to capitalism (socialism/communism, 1917-1989)
World War I and its Economic Consequences
Economic factors played
Read MoreThe Spanish Second Republic: From Reform to Civil War
The Fall of the Monarchy and the Rise of the Republic
The End of Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship
Growing opposition to Primo de Rivera intensified when the King and his entourage realized the dictatorship threatened the monarchy. The King withdrew his support, and Primo de Rivera resigned on January 30, 1930. General Berenguer, tasked with restoring constitutional normalcy, replaced him.
The Pact of San Sebastian and the 1931 Elections
The opposition, including Republicans, left-wing Catalan nationalists,
Read MoreFranco’s Dictatorship (1939-1975): Rise, Consolidation, and Fall
1. General Characteristics of the Franco Dictatorship
The Franco dictatorship evolved over time, but its foundations remained consistent. Franco held all power: head of state, control over all branches of government, and supreme command of the army. Courts were limited to passing laws presented by the government. As the undisputed leader, he was glorified with titles.
There was a single legal party, FET y JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS), which unified all political forces supporting
Read MoreEnlightened Despotism in 18th-Century Europe
Carlos III
For family ties and political affinities, the reformism of Carlos III had his continuation in the Kingdom of Naples (directed by his son Ferdinand IV) and Duchy of Parma (the possession of his brother Philip). This reform drive was not coming both from the monarchs, but of his senior ministers: Bernardo Tanucci in Naples and Parma Tillot
William. Also Portugal in 1750 with the new king Joseph I of Portugal who is appointed as prime minister Jose Caravalho and Sebastian Melo, Marquis