The 18th Century: From Stuarts to American Independence
UNIT 7: The Eighteenth Century (1688-1789)
Introduction
End of the Stuart dynasty and the House of Hanover: William and Mary of Orange ascended the throne as joint monarchs and defenders of Protestantism, followed by Queen Anne, the second of James II’s daughters. The end of the Stuart line with the death of Queen Anne led to the drawing up of the Act of Settlement in 1701, which provided that only Protestants could hold the throne. The next in line according to the provisions of this act was George
Read MoreMedieval England: Monasteries, Language, and Monarchs
Medieval Monasteries and Their Roles
The abbot held overall control of the Abbey. The prior, junior to the abbot, organized the day-to-day operations. Larger abbeys might have a sub-prior to assist. Other roles included chantor, sacristan, hospitaller, infirmarer, and almoner. By the mid-11th century, British monasteries were declining. Following the Norman Conquest, William granted land to the Church and brought Normans to rebuild and repopulate the monasteries. New churches were built on older
Read MoreThe Cánovas System: Restoration and Political Opposition in Spain
The Cánovas System
After the coup of General Pavía and the dissolution of the courts in 1874, a military regime was established under the presidency of General Serrano. During his personal dictatorship, he eliminated the last remnants of Republican opposition and confronted Carlism, while the middle class and bourgeois groups were incorporated into the Alfonsine cause, officially represented by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
In October 1874, Alfonso XII signed the Sandhurst Manifesto, drafted by
Read MoreThe Stuarts: Kings, Conflicts, and the Rise of Parliament
UNIT 6: THE STUARTS
James I: Uniting Crowns and Religious Tensions
JAMES I: James I, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, had been King of Scotland for 36 years when he became King of England. Although he was king of both countries, James’s attempt to create a full governmental union proved premature. An able theologian, he ordered a new translation of the Bible which became known as the “Authorized King James’s Version of the Bible”. James himself was fairly tolerant in terms of religious faith, but
Read MoreUnderstanding Cultural Heritage: Definition, Types, and Importance
Definition and Concept of Cultural Heritage
Cultural heritage is the set of movable, immovable, and intangible assets inherited from the past, deemed worthy of protection as part of our social and historical identity.
Movable Cultural Heritage
These are items that can be moved.
Immovable Cultural Heritage
These cannot be moved without losing their nature and reason for being.
Intangible Cultural Heritage
This is fragile and invisible, encompassing singing, dancing, communication systems, techniques, rituals,
Read MoreFranz Ferdinand’s Assassination and the Roaring Twenties
The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
The murder of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo is the immediate cause of World War One.
On June 28th 1914, the heir to the Austrian Empire, Franz Ferdinand, was visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
Bosnia was in the very south-east corner of the Austrian empire and some people there wanted to be independent from Austria and set up their own state which could run itself.
Franz Ferdinand had been warned that his visit could provoke trouble but he ignored this advice
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