19th Century: Conservative Liberalism, Economic Shifts, and Imperialism
Conservative Liberalism
The Bourbon Restoration was the return of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne of Alfonso XII in Spain. Spain did not recover the monarchical system after the First Republic. The shift of games was a system introduced by Cánovas that consisted in the two major parties, Conservative and Liberal, taking turns.
- The Conservative Party: Founded by Cánovas del Castillo, it brought together political moderates. Its social wing was based on the aristocracy, the gentry, and the traditional
High Gothic Architecture: Characteristics and Evolution
High Gothic Architecture: 12th to 15th Century
High Gothic, a style that flourished from the 12th century to the end of the 13th and 14th centuries, continued to develop into the 15th century until it was eventually superseded by the Renaissance. However, its influence persisted into the 16th century, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. Italian Gothic architecture, which was given its name by Vasari in the 16th century, was considered at the time to be a style of the Goths. It is seen as an evolution
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic: Reforms and Challenges
The Second Spanish Republic: A Time of Change
The Second Spanish Republic was divided into three stages: the Biennium Reform, the CEDA, and the Popular Front, which ended with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
The Pact of San Sebastian and the Rise of the Republic
In San Sebastian, the pact that gave rise to the Second Republic was formed. It was finally agreed with the Socialists to participate in a transitional Republican government chaired by Niceto Alcalá Zamora. The Republicans proposed
Read MoreCapitalist and Communist Blocs: Post-War Evolution
The Evolution of the Capitalist World
Political Developments
- The disappearance of military dictatorships in countries of Southern Europe. The so-called Carnation Revolution put an end to the dictatorship in Portugal. Spain, meanwhile, began the transition to democracy in 1975 after the death of Franco.
- The birth of Eurocommunism. European communist parties agreed to the accession to power by parliamentary means, due to the obvious difficulty of a Communist revolution in the capitalist countries of
French Revolution: From Monarchy to Republic (1789-1799)
The National Assembly (1789-1792)
The National Assembly requested vote by head, and duplication of representatives of the Third Estate. They accepted the duplication of representatives but not the vote by head (in the end, they did vote by head). From the institutional revolt came a popular revolt. They asked to deliberate in common with the clergy and nobility. The privileged estates refused to meet with the Third Estate. The Third Estate named itself the National Assembly, deposited in the sovereignty.
Read MoreAftermath of World War I: Treaties, League of Nations, and Rise of USSR
The Peace Settlement
After the armistice, representatives of the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) to decide the conditions that would be imposed on the defeated Central Powers. At the conference, United States President Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace agreement that would promote reconciliation between the various participants in the war. However, this idea was rejected by Allied countries that had been devastated during the conflict, such as France. Instead, they wanted
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