Aftermath of World War I: Treaties, League of Nations, and Rise of USSR
The Peace Settlement
After the armistice, representatives of the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) to decide the conditions that would be imposed on the defeated Central Powers. At the conference, United States President Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace agreement that would promote reconciliation between the various participants in the war. However, this idea was rejected by Allied countries that had been devastated during the conflict, such as France. Instead, they wanted
Read MoreSpain in the Early 20th Century: Political and Social Turmoil
Crisis of the Restoration
In the early twentieth century, strong political commotion caused by the disaster of 1898 forced the dynastic parties to initiate a policy of reform. However, projects promoted by the conservative reformer Maura and the liberal Canalejas failed to thoroughly modernize the old system or truly democratize the Spanish political life of the Restoration. While the political system was only partially reformed, Spanish society entered a progressive stage of economic development
Read MoreNapoleon, Liberalism, and Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
The Napoleonic Empire (1804 – 1815)
Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor in 1804.
Domestic Policy
- The Civil Code was developed.
Foreign Policy
Napoleon extended his empire across Europe. France defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and Britain submitted to the continental blockade. Napoleon’s troops were defeated in 1813 (Battle of Leipzig). Anti-Napoleonic armies entered France in 1814. Napoleon returned to France and returned to power (the 100-day rule). Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo
Read MoreUS History and Constitutional Amendments: Key Facts
Key Moments in US History
Civil Rights Progress Under Truman
46. In 1949, the Truman administration made progress in civil rights by ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees.
US Containment Policy
47. Beginning in 1947, the United States’ policy of “containment” was the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years.
The Rosenberg Spy Case
48. In 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of spying for the Soviet Union.
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy
49.
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: From Biennium to Franco’s Regime
Biennium Black and the Road to Revolution
The Biennium Black saw a straight-wing victory in the elections of November 19th. All reforms were halted. Workers, hoping the Republic would endure, were frustrated by the perceived inaction of the UGT and CNT, leading to revolutionary fervor. This culminated in the Asturias Revolution in October 1934, where the UGT and CNT united under the banner of the UHP (Union of Workers’ Brothers). The right-wing government responded by sending the army, resulting
Read MoreFagus Factory: Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer’s Modernist Design
Fagus Factory and Adolf Meyer: Walter Gropius’s Masterpiece
Classification of the Work
The Fagus Factory is a complex of industrial architectural modules of several different volumes bound together as a single unit. It combines traditional materials, such as brick, with new building materials, such as glass. Using these new materials allowed for free architectural work. Principles that hitherto prevailed in building construction changed, and the balance shifted. The walls no longer had a load-bearing
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