European Colonization of Africa: Scramble, Conflicts, and Legacy
The Scramble for Africa
Many European countries scrambled for African territories, driven by economic opportunities and territorial expansion. The Berlin Conference gathered nations like Portugal, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom to establish guidelines for acquiring African lands. Key agreements included freedom of ship traffic on the Niger and Congo rivers, prohibition of the slave trade, and the Principle of Effectivity, requiring powers to demonstrate actual control over claimed colonies.
Read MoreCold War: Key Events and Global Impact
1. Creation of the United Nations
A system for peaceful international cooperation, to resolve differences between countries. Founded in October 1945, when the war ended. Signed in San Francisco by 50 countries.
2. Early Stages of the Cold War
- NATO: Formed in 1949 by the USA and Western countries against the Soviet Union.
- Warsaw Pact: Formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union.
3. Development of the Cold War
Proxy Wars: Two powers use third parties as a supplement or a substitute for fighting each other directly.
Read MoreMetroid Prime 2: Echoes – Collectibles and Logbook
1. Missile Expansions
Temple Grounds
- GFMC Compound (Obtain the Missile Launcher)
- Transport to Agon Wastes
- Temple Assembly Site
- Hall of Honored Dead (Obtain the Seeker Launcher)
- Hive Chamber A
- Hive Chamber B
- Communication Area
- GFMC Compound
Great Temple
- Transport A Access
- Transport B Access
Agon Wastes
- Sand Cache
- Portal Access A
- Transport Center
- Command Center
- Storage B
- Ventilation Area A
- Mining Station A
- Storage A
- Main Reactor
- Sand Processing
- Storage C
- Storage B
Dark Agon Wastes
- Ing Cache 4
- Crossroads
- Warrior’s Walk
- Junction
18th-Century Transformations: Europe, America, and Spain
International Policy
International policy during the 18th century was ruled by two principles: the continental balance in Europe and hegemony in the colonies.
1. Continental Balance: This was established after the peace treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714), which followed the Spanish and French defeat during the War of the Spanish Succession. Great Britain proposed it to achieve a balance between the European armies on the continent. However, this system wasn’t successful due to the Spanish
Read MoreImperialism, WWI, and the Russian Revolution: 19th-20th Centuries
Imperialism and Colonial Empires: 19th and 20th Centuries
Between the 16th and 18th centuries was the era of the great colonial empires (Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland), the New Empire (Belgium, Germany, Italy), and two outside Europe (USA and Japan). England and France expanded their empires. Portugal, Holland, and Spain lost America and the Pacific Ocean. Factors behind the expansion were:
- Economic: Consequences of European industrialization. Countries sought places to invest their
Cold War Conflicts: Yalta to Vietnam (1945-1961)
The Yalta Conference (February 1945)
The three major decisions at the Yalta Conference were:
- Germany was to be split into four zones of occupation, controlled by America, Britain, France, and the USSR.
- Free elections for new governments would be held in the countries of Eastern Europe that had been occupied by Germany.
- The United Nations would replace the failed League of Nations.
However, some difficulties had emerged:
- There was disagreement about the new boundaries of Poland.
- America refused to give