Spanish Civil War: Uprising, Factions, and Aftermath
On July 12, Lieutenant Castillo of the Assault Guards was killed. In retaliation, his companions killed a right-wing leader, José Calvo Sotelo. From that moment, everything happened quickly. On the afternoon of July 17, 1936, the garrisons of Ceuta, Melilla, and Tetouan revolted, led by General Franco against the Republic. On July 18, the uprising spread to the rest of the peninsula, marking the beginning of the Civil War.
The Military Uprising (July 17 and 18, 1936)
The conspiracy against the Republic
Read More1868 Revolution in Spain: Causes and Key Events
Proclamation of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta of Seville
This is a Proclamation of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta of Seville, highlighting several important points:
- The consecration of universal suffrage and freedom.
- The absolute freedom of the press.
- The abolition of the death penalty and tackling the criminal penal system.
- Efficiently guaranteed individual security.
- The abolition of conscription and the organization of the army and navy, based on voluntary enlistments with appropriate safeguards.
Spanish Constitutional History: 1812 to Present
Timeline of Key Constitutional Changes
| Constitution | 1812 | Royal Charter | 1837 | 1845 | 1869 | 1876 | 1931 | Fundamental Laws 1936-1966 | 1978 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject of Sovereignty | Nation | King | Nation | King and Courts | Nation (People) | King and Court | Nation (People) | Undetermined: Chief of State | Nation (People) |
| Ideology | Progressive Liberal | Conservative (Moderate) | Progressive | Conservative (Moderate) | Progressive (Democratic) | Conservative Liberal | Progressive (Republican) | Conservative (Dictatorship) | Consensual Neutral |
| Power Relationship | Recognizes the separation of |
French Revolution: From Assembly to Napoleonic Empire
The Work of the Constituent Assembly (1789-1791)
The Constituent Assembly’s aims were to dismantle the old regime. To end the ancien régime, a decree was passed abolishing feudal law. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was drafted, which recognized and guaranteed personal freedoms, equality before the law, and property. In September, the 1791 Constitution was passed. The political regime became a parliamentary monarchy. National sovereignty and fundamental rights were recognized.
- Division
Cold War: US-USSR Bipolar System and Key Conflicts
The Bipolar System of the Cold War
The United States and the USSR based their leadership potential on their huge economic, demographic, and technological capabilities and tried to impose their interests and ideology on the world. The two superpowers brought their spheres of influence into most countries of the world and set themselves up as arbiters of international politics.
Western Bloc
Under the leadership of the U.S., this bloc included Western Europe, parts of South America, Australia, Japan,
Read MoreSpanish Restoration & 1898 Crisis: 1875-1902
Oligarchy and Despotism: Politics in Spain, 1875-1902
The Restoration Period
This period is set in the epoch during which Maria Cristina was regent until Alfonso XIII, her son, could rule in 1902. The Restoration period saw a bipartisan government, with the Conservative Party under Cánovas and the Liberal Party under Sagasta taking turns in power.
Colonial Wars and the Crisis of 1898
Between 1875 and 1881, Cánovas pushed forward his project of military pacification in the northern peninsula with the
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