Spain’s Second Republic: Reforms, Conflicts, and Downfall
The Rise and Fall of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)
Initial Opposition and the Proclamation of the Republic
From 1928 to 1929, opposition to the regime began to mount, and Primo de Rivera lost support from many landowners and the army. He resigned in 1930, and the King appointed General Berenguer to continue. Intellectuals opposed the political system. Republican parties signed the Pact of San Sebastian to overthrow the turno system and the monarchy. A failed pronunciamiento occurred in 1930.
Read MoreSpain’s Democratic Sexenio & First Republic: 1868-1874
Unit 5: The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)
1. The Glorious Revolution (1868)
The main causes of the Glorious Revolution were:
- Economic crisis: Financial, industrial, and subsistence crises.
- Political crisis: Increasing loss of prestige of the monarchy. Only the moderates supported Isabella II.
- Pact of Ostend (1867): Progressives and Democrats decided to overthrow Isabella II’s monarchy. After O’Donnell’s death, the Liberal Union joined the conspiracy.
The Glorious Revolution took place in Cádiz on September
Read MoreWorld War I: From Stalemate to Armistice
Western Front: Stalemate
By early 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire, creating a new form of combat known as trench warfare. The space between the opposing trenches was called “no man’s land”. When the officers ordered an attack, the soldiers went to the top of the trench and there they had to face rounds of machine-gun fire and shells of all calibers. Most of the offensives, most of the attacks to the enemy trenches,
Read MoreTimeline of American, French, and Spanish Revolutions (1776-1814)
The American Revolution (1776-1787)
- December 16, 1773: Boston Tea Party.
- July 4, 1776: The Declaration of Independence.
- October 17, 1777: First victory of the rebels at Saratoga. In November, the members of the Second Continental Congress approve the Articles of Confederation.
- 1778: The government of Louis XVI signs a treaty of Alliance with the rebels, represented by Benjamin Franklin.
- 1781: Surrender of England’s General Cornwallis at Yorktown.
- September 3, 1783: Signature of the Peace of Versailles.
Anglo-Saxon Britain: 5th to 11th Century History
Unit 2: Anglo-Saxon Britain
Anglo-Saxon England refers to the period of history of the part of Britain that became known as England, lasting from the end of Roman occupation and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. Anglo-Saxon is referring to the Germanic peoples who came to Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries. Until the 9th century, Anglo-Saxon England was dominated by the Heptarchy: the kingdoms
Read MoreFrench Revolution: Causes, Events, and Napoleonic Era
The Beginning of the Modern Age
The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 marked the start of the Modern Age. From 1789, the enlightened changes were violently imposed by revolutionaries, against the wishes of monarchs. In Spain, the events of the French Revolution inspired the first steps towards a new political, economic, and social order. The French Revolution marked the arrival of a new era, which was symbolized by the famous slogan: “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.”