Liberalism in Spain: Cadiz, Constitution of 1812, and the Triennium
The Introduction of Liberalism in Spain
Cortes of Cadiz and the Constitution of 1812
The liberal ideology is characterized by the rejection of absolutism, the embrace of national sovereignty, the defense of individual freedoms, equality before the law, and the right to private property.
The first attempt at liberalism occurred in the Cortes of Cadiz, made up of clerics, lawyers, officials, soldiers, academics, and landowners, where the first liberal constitution was created. In Cadiz, the Supreme Central
Read MoreSpain in the 17th Century: Society, Economy, and American Colonies
Foreign Policy of Felipe IV
He signed the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. This treaty marked the end of the Thirty Years’ War, and Spain recognized the Independence of the Netherlands after an 80-year war. He also signed the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659 with France, in which Spain lost Rosellón and Cerdaña.
Society and Economy
Mental restraints on society included:
- The purity of blood: People preferred old Christian bloodlines and showed intolerance against those with Jewish or Muslim origins.
- The disdain
Russian Revolution 1917: Rise of the USSR
The Russian Revolution of 1917: The Creation of the USSR
The Crisis of the Tsarist Empire
At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia’s Empire extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from Poland to the Pacific Ocean. It was ruled by the Tsars of the Romanov dynasty and was in a state of confusion.
Causes of the Revolution Within the Tsarist Regime
- Political dissatisfaction: Due to the autocratic government of the Tsars, which led to political opposition made up of liberal bourgeois parties and
Spanish History: Reformism, Crisis, and Dictatorship (1909-1930)
The Tragic Week and Liberal Reformism
The Tragic Week was a popular uprising that took place in Barcelona in 1909, which caused the deterioration of political life. After this, liberals began a reformist experience. José Canalejas attempted a strengthening of civilian power. He also started a certain decentralization of the state, which resulted in the Commonwealth of Catalonia.
The Crisis of 1917 and the Decline of the Restoration Monarchy
Given the growing social problems, Dato’s conservatives ruled
Read MoreImperialism and Societal Shifts: Europe 1870-1914
International Panorama in the Time of Imperialism
The period between 1870 and 1914 was marked by peace, progress, and cultural and scientific advancements. It also saw population growth after the Second Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism. However, significant tensions arose between the great powers, ultimately leading to the First World War.
Great International Powers
The United Kingdom, Germany, and France were the major international powers, with the United States in a continuing
Read MoreCold War & EU: Key Terms, Events, and Impact
Key Terms of the Cold War and the European Union
Cold War Terms
- Veto Power: The right to unilaterally prevent a resolution from being enacted.
- Gerontocracy: A political regime where power is held by significantly elderly individuals.
- Communes: Agricultural production cooperatives where private property was abolished.
- CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): Intelligence agency created in 1947 by U.S. President Truman.
- Kremlin: Seat of the Soviet government in Moscow.
- Ulster: Region of Northern Ireland that remained