European History: Napoleonic Era to Unification of Italy and Germany
1. The Napoleonic Period (1799-1815)
The Consulate (1799-1804)
November 9, 1799: Napoleon leads a bloodless coup d’état. He establishes a new kind of government: the Consulate, and he was the 1st Consul.
1802: The “Sénat” approves naming Napoleon Consul for life.
Reforms: Two constitutions, creation of the Bank of France, Concordat (1801), Civil Code (1804).
The Empire (1805-1815)
December 2, 1804: Napoleon is crowned Emperor by Pius VII.
Constitution of 1804: No more elections.
Further reforms: Education,
Read MoreCivil Rights Movement & Vietnam War Impact on 1960s America
**Civil Rights Movement and its Impact on 1960s America**
John F. Kennedy, his brother Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. were all assassinated in the 1960s. During this decade, there were plans for social change among some celebrities. In particular, Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for civil rights for minorities living in the US and struggled to bring the values of American society closer to what the founders of the nation had imagined: a nation of equality among every man.
Appealing to
Read MoreThe Crusades: A History of Christian-Muslim Conflicts
The Crusades
Holy War, the Christian version.
Christians waging war primarily against Muslims.
Began in 1095 and lasted into the 1300s.
Christians from the West fought against people in the East, mostly Muslims in the Middle East.
There are approximately 6 or 7 Crusades.
It’s difficult to attach a single label that depicts all the conflicts.
These conflicts are typically called the Crusades.
It’s a series of conflicts that historians find difficult to describe.
Muslims believe that Christians have been
Read MoreCatalan Political Evolution in the 19th Century
Catalan Identity
In the 19th century, Catalan identity had practically disappeared, but it was still in use in speech. Although insignificant, Catalan society maintained its way of life.
Critics of Centralism
The constitution defined Spain as a single nation and had a centralization model based on political, economic, legal, and military aspects. Progressive Catalans did not want such radical centralization and desired more powers for councils and provincial councils. Popular movements (bullangues)
Read MoreThe Great War: Origins, Key Events, and Lasting Impact
The Road to World War I: Alliances and Tensions
German Chancellor Bismarck orchestrated a system of alliances between Russia, Germany, Austria, and Italy. The objectives were to isolate France and maintain equilibrium in the Balkans. Following the death of Wilhelm I, German Emperor Wilhelm II came to power, leading to the deposition of Bismarck in 1890.
Armed Peace (1890-1914)
Characteristics: The European powers were grouped into two blocks:
- Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
- Triple Entente
ETA’s Evolution: From Origins to 1975
Finally, as a consequence of problems among EGI members, the group dissolved, and both groups continued to use the acronym EGI until 1959, when the Ekin-inspired group came up with a new name: ETA.
ETA’s Initial Period: 1959-1968
During the initial period of its existence, from 1959 to 1968, ETA built up an organization with a couple of hundred activists and relied on the theoretical tactic of symbolic violence. In 1961, they attempted their first ekintza, on July 18, the anniversary of the coup d’
Read More