Spanish Labor Movement: Origins and Development
The Origins and Development of the Spanish Labor Movement
org.del mov.obrero 2.A henceforth, the labor movement became politicized, and its leaders began to support the Democrats and Republicans. However, labor action declined during the years of the liberal Union for the Suppression of Narvaez and O’Donnell, and the economic boom drove down unemployment.
Disappointment followed the ’68 revolution, and the Democrats’ neglect of their demands pushed the labor movement towards trade unionism and the
Read MoreThe Restoration Era in Spain: Political Dynamics and Challenges
Restoration. On December 29, 1874, in Sagunto, General Martínez Campos was pronounced in favor of the monarchy of Alfonso XII, marking the end of the short experience of Republican Spain. Alfonso XII of Spain arrived in 1875, and with him, the Bourbons regained the throne. This recovery was the work of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who, based on the principles of the Crown and the courts, defended the constitutional monarchy as a form of state doctrine and government (doc. 1). He also advocated
Read MoreCadiz Cortes: Shaping Spain’s 1812 Constitution
The Cortes of Cadiz and the 1812 Constitution
Las Cortes de Cádiz
The Bayonne Abdications created a vacuum of authority in occupied Spain. Although the Bourbons had been ordered to obey the new King Joseph I, many Spaniards refused. To fill that void and organize spontaneous uprisings against the French, Provincial Boards were organized to assume sovereignty. The Provincial Boards felt from the outset the need for coordination. Thus, the Central Board was established that, in the absence of the legitimate
Read MoreSpanish War of Independence: Key Phases and Consequences
Spanish War of Independence: Key Phases
First Phase
The initial phase involved early fighting against the French and concluded with Napoleon’s arrival in Spain.
- The Spanish victory at Bailén forced Joseph I to flee Madrid.
- Spanish troops, though led by General Dupont, bravely defended cities like Zaragoza, Gerona, and Valencia against relentless bombing.
- English forces under Wellesley defeated Junot’s troops in Lisbon.
Second Phase
- Napoleon’s arrival in Spain led to the conquest of most of the territory,
World War II: Events, Impact, and Aftermath
Events and Consequences of World War II
The Development of the Conflict
Characteristics of the War
- Scope and Duration: The war had an enormous reach, taking place in the Pacific, Europe, and Africa, involving 60 countries and affecting up to 90% of the human population. It lasted six years (two more than World War I).
- Total War: It was a total war, forcing the economies of warring countries to be organized around war efforts. Over 100 million soldiers were mobilized, and powerful weapons (tanks, bombs,
Tsarist Autocracy, Revolutions, and the Rise of Fascism
The Tsarist Autocracy at the Dawn of the 20th Century
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Tsarist empire was a vast country ruled by monarchical absolutism. Politically, Tsarism was an autocracy where the Tsar appointed a loyal bureaucracy and controlled a powerful army. In 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Party was founded, which later split in 1912 into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
The February Revolution and the Fall of Tsarism
The February Revolution of 1917 erupted in St. Petersburg,
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