The Manifesto of the Persians: Absolutism in Spain
The Manifesto of the Persians
This text is a letter written by absolutists in defense of the restoration of the monarchy. It was written in 1814 when Ferdinand VII returned to Spain after the defeat of France, and it is addressed to the king.
One of the things that the Aranjuez Mutiny provoked was the abdication of Charles IV in favor of his son Ferdinand VII. The confrontation between these two made it possible for Napoleon to call them both to Bayonne and convince them to abdicate in his favor.
Read MoreRussian Civil War and the 1905 Revolution: Causes and Outcomes
The Russian Civil War and War Communism
The Civil War erupted following the revolution, with Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, liberals, and Tsarists rising against Lenin. Counter-revolutionary forces acted from Poland, Siberia, Crimea, and the Caucasus, forming the White Army. European powers provided financial and material support. An expeditionary force comprised of French, British, and American troops landed in Arkangelsk, Murmansk, and the White Sea, while Japanese and U.S. forces took control
Read MoreSecond Spanish Republic: Education, Autonomy, and Political Crisis
Educational Reform and Cultural Politics
The educational and cultural politics of the Second Republic were significantly influenced by the Free Institution of Learning. Its goal was to emulate the French model and establish a unified, public, secular, and free education system, at least at the primary level. Education was considered a right that the state should guarantee to all citizens to achieve equal opportunities.
Although budgetary resources were limited, the Second Republic made a substantial
Read MoreWorkers’ Movement: Industrialization and Social Change
Workers’ Movement: City as a Center
The population in cities was growing, reflecting the predominance of industrial activity. The industrialized world was becoming a world of cities. The first country to experience this change was the UK, and London was a prime example. It was the most populated city in the world, experiencing a rural exodus and high birth rates. This growth caused urban poverty.
Industrial Society and Modernization
The modernization process was linked to industrialization. Three types
Read MoreKey US Events and Figures: 1920s – 1940s
Scopes Monkey Trial
Who: William Jennings Bryan vs. Clarence Darrow and John Scopes.
What: An American legal case in which John Scopes was charged with violating Tennessee’s law against teaching evolution instead of the divine creation of man.
When: 1925.
Where: Tennessee.
Why: It was the first major debate about creationism versus evolution.
Return to Normalcy
Who: Warren G. Harding.
What: “Roaring 20s,” a decade of consumerism and prosperity. A campaign promise to return to the way of life before WWI.
Read MorePeaceful Coexistence: Détente, Conflicts, and Cold War Crises
Peaceful Coexistence (1954-1975): Détente Begins
Change of Leaders and the Beginning of Détente
From 1953, a shift in leadership occurred in both major powers. Dwight D. Eisenhower became President of the United States, and Nikita Khrushchev rose to power in the Soviet Union. Both leaders seemed more willing to negotiate, initiating a thaw in relations between the two powers.
This change was not solely due to the new mood of politicians but was also motivated by emerging factors on the international
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