Franco’s Dictatorship: First Years and International Relations
The First Franco Era (1939-1945)
The first Franco era extends from Franco’s victory in the Civil War (April 1939) until the end of World War II (1945). During these years, he continued to shape the dictatorship that began during the war years. His primary model was Italian Fascism, but with strong conservative and Catholic elements, to accommodate the main political and social forces that supported him in the Civil War. The regime was indebted to Germany and Italy for the decisive support received
Read MoreFrench Constitutions: From Napoleon to the Second Empire
France was territorially divided into 86 departments and districts. At each level, lists of notables were selected, with a tenth of the lists enumerated. Napoleon appointed mayors, governors, ministers, members of the chambers, and so on. Napoleon attempted to increase his power.
The Constitution of Year X (1802): The Consulate for Life
The reforms strengthened the power of the First Consul and the Senate, which fell under Napoleon directly. In fact, Napoleon exercised all powers.
The Constitution
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century: Demographics & Liberalism
Demographic Trends in 19th-Century Spain
During the nineteenth century, the Spanish population grew from 11.5 to 18.6 million inhabitants. However, this growth was less than that experienced by other European countries during the same period. The reasons for this slower growth included subsistence crises and epidemics, caused by shortages and a lack of hygiene.
This situation was not homogeneous across the country. The imbalance between a growing population and a lack of resources caused migration,
Read MoreThe Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and Bolshevik Rise
The 1917 Revolution
World War I highlighted the poor preparation of the Russian economy to confront a large and prolonged conflict.
February Events: The Fall of the Tsar
The strike of 23 February 1917, convened by the textile workers, encouraged workers in the capital to show solidarity. There was a strike, and later, a mutiny of the garrison.
The Duma established a provisional government. Prince Lvov forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. The new government, with the Soviet, appointed a moderate socialist,
Read MoreDecree of October 1, 1823: Fernando VII and Absolutist Restoration
Decree of October 1, 1823: Classification
The document is the decree of October 1, 1823, issued by Fernando VII in the Gaceta de Madrid. This text is a legal and political document.
Historical Context
The text is framed within the reign of Fernando VII, specifically referring to the Constitutional Triennium. Fernando VII’s return to Spain in 1814 led to the absolutist restoration. This period was characterized by systematic repression against liberals, forcing them underground and leading to the emergence
Read MoreTimeline of Early American History: 1607-1789
1607: Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America, is established.
- John Smith was a leader.
- John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation.
1609-1614: First war between English colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy.
1619: First enslaved Africans are brought to British North America.
1620: Pilgrims arrive and establish Plymouth Colony. The Mayflower Compact is created.
1622-1632: Second war, a massive Powhatan attack on Jamestown.
1636: The Pequot War (Native Americans
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