Fluid Dynamics: Velocity Profiles, Boundary Layers, and Turbulence
En flujo por encima de una placa plana dibuje el perfil de velocidades en la placa y el grosor de la capa límite y los regímenes que se observan.
Boundary Layer Thickness and Flow Regimes: The boundary layer thickness δ(x) increases with x, showing the growth of the boundary layer. Indicate the regions of laminar flow, transition, and turbulent flow along the length of the plate.
Deduzca el valor teórico del coeficiente de resistencia (drag coefficient) en flujo laminar sabiendo que el shear stress
Read MoreUnderstanding Drag Force and Flow Separation in Fluid Mechanics
Assumptions in Parallel Plate Flow
- No local acceleration and no hydrostatic effects
- Pressure is constant along the plate
Definition of Drag Force
Resistance force caused by movement of a body through a fluid. Two types: Pressure Drag and Viscous Drag.
Pressure Drag
Rises from pressure difference between front and rear of object moving through fluid. Shape of object influences pressure drag.
Viscous Drag
Caused by friction between fluid and object surface. Depends on surface area, roughness, and fluid velocity.
Read MoreThe Future of Energy: A Comprehensive Guide to Energy Sources, Technologies, and Challenges
Economic Axis
Energy and Economic Growth
- Industrial societies require substantial amounts of energy.
- The finite nature of energy reserves implies their eventual depletion.
- The current economic model’s fuel consumption is unsustainable.
- Based on current consumption rates, coal will be depleted in 131 years, oil in 58 years, and natural gas in 47 years.
- Electricity production serves as an indicator of economic development.
Strategic Axis
Energy Independence: Security and Stability
- The oil crisis exposed the
101 Fascinating Earth Facts: From Volcanoes to Earthquakes & Beyond
1. What is the hottest place on Earth?
While you might think it’s Death Valley in California, you’d be slightly off. Many days it is indeed incredibly hot there, but on September 13, 1922, El Azizia, Libya recorded a scorching temperature of 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 degrees Celsius). This surpasses the highest ever temperature measured in Death Valley, which was 134 degrees F (56.6 º C), recorded on July 10, 1913.
2. And what is the coldest place on Earth?
The coldest temperature ever measured
Read MoreEcology: The Study of Interactions Between Organisms and Their Environment
what determines where a species live & migrate?
strong effects :
- the climate (temperature, precipitation) → terrestrial organisms
- light & nutrient availability → aquatic organism
dispersal (too crowded can cause limited resources) & interactions (prey-predator) among organisms also affect where species live
what is ecology?
ecology = scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment (temperature, sunlight, etc) → a science
A Journey Through Earth’s Dynamic History
The Atmosphere: A Dynamic Force
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are greenhouse gases that play a crucial role in regulating Earth’s temperature. These gases trap heat emitted by the Earth, raising the planet’s surface temperature to a habitable level. Without them, the average temperature would plummet to a frigid -18°C.
The atmosphere is constantly in motion. When air near the Earth’s surface absorbs heat, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises. Cooler air masses then move in to replace
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