Network Science and Game Theory Reference
Graph Theory Fundamentals
Graph (G = (V, E)): A structure showing connections where V are nodes/vertices and E are edges/links.
- Node/Vertex: The object (e.g., person, city, website).
- Edge: The connection (e.g., friendship, road, hyperlink).
- Directed Edge: Has an arrow; order matters (A points to B).
- Undirected Edge: No arrow; order does not matter.
Paths and Connectivity
- Path: A route between nodes; length is the number of edges.
- Simple Path: No repeated nodes.
- Walk: Repeats allowed.
- Cycle: Starts and ends
Managing Interconnected Banking Risks: Liquidity, Credit, and Interest Rates
Understanding Interconnected Banking Risks
Commercial banks primarily face three major risks: liquidity risk, credit risk, and interest rate risk. These risks are deeply interconnected, meaning that instability in one area can rapidly propagate to others.
Defining Key Banking Risks
- Liquidity Risk: The inability to access sufficient cash or liquid assets to meet withdrawal demands and payment obligations.
- Credit Risk: The potential for borrowers to default on loans according to agreed terms.
- Interest
Essential Business Vocabulary and Professional Terminology
Business Vocabulary A-H
- Alternatively: We can sell the product online; alternatively, we can open a small shop in the city.
- As a result: The company lost many customers and, as a result, it made less profit this year.
- Attach: Please attach the document to the email before you send it.
- Become less productive: Workers become less productive when they are tired or stressed.
- Because of this debt: Because of this debt, the company cannot invest in new projects.
- Boost: Good marketing can boost sales in a short
Keynesian Investment Theory: MEC and Animal Spirits
Keynesian Theory of Investment
John Maynard Keynes’s theory of investment is a central component of his General Theory, offering a psychological and economic explanation for how businesses decide to purchase new capital goods, such as machinery, factories, and buildings.
Keynes argued that the level of investment in an economy is highly volatile and is determined by two main factors:
- The Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC): The expected rate of return on a new investment project.
- The Market Rate of
Human Resource Management: Training, Motivation, and Retention
Training and Development
Training: The process of improving employees’ skills, knowledge, and performance.
Development: More long-term, focused on professional growth, career progression, and leadership.
Training vs. Development
- Training: Short-term, focused on improving a specific skill for the current job.
- Development: Long-term, focused on preparing employees for future roles.
- Example of training: Learning how to use a new software.
- Example of development: A leadership program for future managers.
Banking Risks, Shadow Banking, and Financial Crises
Core Risks in the Banking Business Model
Banks face several risks due to their fundamental business model. They issue liabilities, such as deposits and borrowing, to acquire funds, and use those funds to hold income-earning assets, such as loans and securities. Banks generate profits when the return on their assets exceeds the cost of their liabilities, but this structure creates inherent vulnerabilities.
Key Banking Risks
- Liquidity Risk: The risk of being unable to meet short-term financial obligations.