Respiration and Digestion: Processes and Functions
Respiration
Respiration is a process divided into two processes:
- External respiration is the gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere, where oxygen enters the lungs and carbon dioxide exits. It does not create ATP molecules.
- Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the bloodstream and the tissues, where oxygen enters the tissues to create ATP molecules and carbon dioxide exits.
Organs of the Respiratory Tract
The respiratory tract is divided into the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity,
Read MoreCell Organelles and Immune System: Functions and Defenses
TERM 1
Functons of organelles
- Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell and controls the exchange of materials.
- Cytoplasm: The liquid where organelles are suspended.
- Mitochondrion: Provides energy to the cell through cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: Organelles that produce proteins.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: Network of sacs and tubules involved in protein and lipid production.
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for export.
- Lysosomes: Vesicles with digestive enzymes for breaking down molecules
Understanding the Human Body Systems
SKELETAL SYSTEM:
is your body’s central framework. It consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s also called the musculoskeletal system.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
controls everything you do, including breathing, walking, thinking, and feeling. This system is made up of your brain,
Read MoreUnderstanding Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance and Punnett Grids
Mendel’s law of inheritance: Mendel discovered some basic laws of inheritance by cross-fertilizing pea plants with different traits (flower color, pea shape). I have observed ‘hidden’ traits that tend to surface after several generations. These were in fact what we now call recessive alleles. Since gametes possess only one set of chromosomes (haploid) compared to somatic cells, they also possess only one allele that they can pass onto the offspring. The other parent will give the other allele of
An Overview of Arthropods and Their Ecological Roles
Water Vascular System
Group of fluid-filled canals connected to tube feet
Involved in feeding, respiration, internal transport, waste removal, and movement
Same larval type as chordates
Internal skeleton
Radial symmetry
No anterior or posterior end and no brain
Two-sided
Mouth on oral (top) opposite side = aboral
WVS: Open via madreporite
Starfish > Mad > ring
Tube feet on each canal
System operates like a series of hydraulic pumps (suction cups)
Water pushed in tube feet, it expands
Water pulled, cup on
Read MoreProkaryotic DNA Replication, Mismatch Repair, and Eukaryotic Transcription
DNA replication is a fundamental process in the cell cycle that ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. Prokaryotic DNA replication, which occurs in organisms lacking a membrane-bound nucleus (such as bacteria), is a highly coordinated and complex process.
Here’s a detailed explanation of prokaryotic DNA replication:
1. **Initiation:**
– The process begins at the origin of replication (oriC) in prokaryotes. OriC is a specific DNA sequence where