Biology
MACROEVOLUTION
production Of A New Species
based on a series of microevolutions
gradualism– series of small changes over time
punctu8d equilibrium– no change then sudden change
evidence=homologies ana2my, fossil record,
homologous molecules
bats & humans have
similar structure=related more than birds
selection pressure– conditions which cause individuals 2 survive
Directional-1 extreme- antibiotic resistance
stabilizing-intermediate-bb size
disruptive-both extreme-fnch beak size
sickle anemia
stabilizing
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UPSTREAM in bioprocess: STERILIZATION: It is used so only the biocatalyst grows. In the sterilization vapors are introduced through the equipment increasing the temperature. The sterilization cycle implies a rise in temperature, which is why the temperature drop must be taken into account. There are different levels of sterility: 1) Disinfection: destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used obly on inanimate objects. 2)Sterilization: complete removal
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Blood composition:
- Blood plasma: water with minerals (90%), nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins…), waste products (urea, uric..), proteins and dissolved hormones.
- Blood cells: Leukocytes or white blood cells, Erythrocytes or red blood cells ( contain hemoglobin, red pigments that carries oxygen from pulmonary alveoli to all the cells in our body), Thrombocytes or platelets.
Functions of the blood:
- Transports nutrients and oxygen to all the cells and collects waste products produced by cell metabolism,
biology
Prokaryotic- organism whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles Gram-positive- bacteria surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan but lack outer membrane Gram-negative- bacteria surrounded by thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which is surrounded by outer membrane Bacillus- aerobic, sporulating, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in nature. Cocci- spherical or round or oval. Spirilla- curved shaped bacteria which can range from gently curved to corkscrew spiral. Autotrophic- an organism that can
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THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
The Stomach
An organ connected to the small intestine via the pylorus, a valve that is usually closed.
Cardia:the valve at the entrance of the stomach which is always ope
Food stays in the stomach for 3-4 hours, mixing with gastric juice, making chyme.
Gastric juice contains pepsin, an enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins.
It also contains hydrochloric acid, which activates pepsin and facilitates its action, and destroys bacteria.
The inside of the stomach contains mucus
Anthropod
Arthropods (joint foot)
Form and Function: EXOSKELETON- insects: flexible ticks & lobsters: hard
Many terrestrial have H2o proof exoskeleton, making it possible to live in extremely dry places.
Jointed Appendages; enable movement. Examples: claws, antennae, legs, wings, flippers, etc.
Segmented bodies: Most have 3 segments. Centipede and millipede have more. Some have 2, because head and thorax= cephalothorax.
Respiration: crustaceans: gills, chelicerates: book gills and book lungs, insects:
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