Cell Biology: Elements, Microscopes, and Cell Structures

Ch. 6: Natural Elements in Living Things

C, O, N, H

Molecular Chains

Carbon can form large molecules

Monomers

Small molecules

Polymers

A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together

Carbohydrates

An organic compound in ratio of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen (sugars)

Lipids

Fats, oil, waxes (C, O, H)

Proteins

Built by amino acids (C, H, O, N), enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

Nucleic Acid

Composed of nucleotides

Ch. 7: Development of Electron Microscopes

In the

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The Earth’s Complex Systems and Ecosystems

1. The Earth: A Complex System

The Gaia hypothesis, described in the text at the beginning of this unit, states that the planet Earth behaves like a system. Furthermore, it can be considered a complex system, because it is made up of interacting subsystems.

Atmosphere: Mix of gases which forms the outer layer of the planet.

Hydrosphere: All the planet’s water, including water contained in living things.

Geosphere: Subsystem made up of minerals, rocks and soil

Biosphere: Subsystem made up of all living

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Reproductive Health and Techniques

4.) Answer the following questions in short.

1) Explain with examples types of asexual reproduction in unicellular organism.

ANS:a. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms can be of three types:
Binary fission: Binary fission is the splitting of parent organisms into two halves, each of which develops to form a complete daughter cell. For example, Amoeba reproduces asexually by the process of binary fission. In Amoeba, binary fission begins with the division of the nucleus. This is followed by

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Understanding Genetic Information and Cell Processes

Genetic information → 1,8 genetic information pack in the nucleolus.

The DNA is packed around proteins called histones

Histone form nucleosome → 8→ 4

Nucleosomes form coils and the coils form supercoils.

Supercoils together called chromatin are packed and you don’t have access to the information.

 → Telomere: Repeats, act sort of biological clock being whittled down. 

 →Centromere(middle): highly condensed, also repetitive sequence, region where spindle fibers attach pulling chromatids

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Respiratory System Functions and Structures

EJ 1. NAME SELECTED PART…

A) NASAL CAVITY A1) UVULA B) PHARYNX B1) EPIGLOTTIS C) LARYNX C1) TRACHEA C2) BRONCHI C3) BRONCHIES D) LUNGS

A-B UPPER C-D LOWER

A) Heat and filtrates the air. B) Regulating the passing of air and food, detect pathogens and the immune system by means of the tonsils. C) Sending the air to the lungs preventing suffocation by food. D) Gas exchange, absorbing oxygen from the outside to the blood, expels CO2 from the blood to the outside.

EJ 2. AIRWAYS PREPARE…

a) olfactory bulb,

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Symptoms and Signs of Peripheral Vascular Diseases

NUMERO SETTE: Symptoms/signs of peripheral vascular diseases:

ARTERIES: Pathological change within the vessel, change of lumen size leading to stenosis or total occlusion resulting in ischemia of the extremity (upper/lower). HISTORY: Ask about atherosclerosis (smoking, fatty foods, diabetes), claudicatory pain, subclavian steal syndrome. AUSCULATION: Listen for bruits in various areas. ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION: Sharp pain, cold/pale extremities, absent pulse, reflexes diminished, collapsed superficial

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