The Second Spanish Republic: Political Instability and Conflict
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)
Main Political Forces
Right Wing:
- No large, unified parties emerged. The right wing was characterized by weakness, dispersion, and radicalization.
- Early representation came from landowners (Castilian Agrarian Party, Catholic Action).
- Most right-wing groups eventually merged into the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA), led by José María Gil-Robles and José Calvo Sotelo.
- On the far-right, the Spanish Falange (JONS) was formed, led by José
Spain: Democratic Sexenio & Restoration (1868-1881)
The Democratic Sexenio
Democratic Attempts
A triumphant revolutionary movement formed a provisional government chaired by General Serrano. Constituent courts, convened after the general election, gave victory to progressives and a monarchical-democratic minority, adopting the Constitution of 1869. This constitution, considered the most democratic and advanced of its time in both Spain and Europe, established universal male suffrage, the rights of association and reunion (which had not been previously
Read More17th Century Spain: The Decline of the Habsburg Empire
Philip III
Philip III inherited a vast empire exhausted by wars and economic crisis. He pursued peace with England and France, and a twelve-year truce with the Netherlands. He appointed the Duke of Lerma as his prime minister, marking the beginning of rule by royal favorites. The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609, driven by religious anxieties and fears of piracy, had severe economic and demographic consequences, particularly in Aragon and Valencia, where agricultural lands were abandoned.
Philip
Read MoreThe Crisis of the Spanish Restoration
The Crisis of the Spanish Restoration (1898-1923)
The Disaster of ’98 and the Loss of the Spanish Colonial Empire
In 1898, the explosion of the American cruiser Maine in Cuban waters led to the Spanish-American War. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, in which Spain ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the island of Guam to the United States. This marked the end of the Spanish colonial empire in America and the Pacific. The defeat, known as the Disaster of ’98 in Spain, caused a shock
Read MoreCrisis and Transformation: Spain’s 19th Century
CRISI of the Bourbon monarchy = carlos VIdeclara the war of 1793-1795 wars failed 1799las Manuel Godoy Napoleon allied confrontation with Britain AUTHORIZE A French army to attack aportugal-Aranjuez-riot forced the resignation of the minister and the king abdicated -Napoleon-cconvoco to carlosIV and afernandoVIII where they did appoint Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain WAR OF INDEPENDENCE = on May 2, 1808 the people of Madrid is facing French troops volvioo this popular, together with s secretary
Read More19th Century Spanish History Overview
Fer.VII reign of the repeal of presidential term laconstitucion and absolutist
4 dmayo de1814, fer VII decree accepted the proposal and the repeal of the constitution. Pimer absolutist reaction against the emerging liberal, King annulled the legislative work of the courts and promoted repression against the Constitutionalists, q muxos of them were exiled. Started well in Spanish history of intolerance and repression x q ideological issues led to the exile of 15,000 Spanish families. Initiated a
The Second Spanish Republic: From Monarchy to Turmoil
In 1931 municipal elections were held in Spain, where it was demonstrated that a large proportion of voters committed to a regime change. It was proclaimed a republic in many cities, and before that, Alfonso XIII gave up his power and went to lexili. In Madrid he proclamarla Second Spanish Republic.
In Catalonia, also won this regime change and defeated Republican Left of Catalonia. But Axon was a conflict with the Provisional Government of the Republic, as saying that Lester elsconceptes on decentralization
Humanization & Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula
The Hominization Process in the Iberian Peninsula
Hominization is the long evolutionary process through which the human species acquired its present features. The first representatives of the genus Homo (ergaster) arrived in the Iberian Peninsula from Africa at the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch, 1.5 million years ago. Thanks to discoveries at Atapuerca, we know the evolutionary process of the European population followed these steps:
- Homo antecessor: the oldest remains from the Sima del Elefante
Urban Networks and Systems: Evolution and Challenges
Urban Networks
Early urban centers like Gerund (Gerona), Lerga, and Tarraco (modern Tarragona) predate Rome. Rome itself, a hub of urban civilization, spread its influence throughout its empire. Notable examples include the Alcántara Bridge, which stood for 2000 years, and the city of Ampurias. After the Roman decline, urban life diminished, with cities like Tarraco becoming depopulated and Empuries falling into ruin. Later, cities like Madrid, with Arabic origins, emerged.
Urban Systems
These
Read MoreRegionalism and Nationalism in Spain During the Restoration
Regionalism and Nationalism (Labor Movement) During the Restoration
Political Opposition and the Rise of Regionalism and Nationalism
During the reign of Alfonso XIII, the Restoration faced increasing criticism. The regional and national labor movements, along with Republicans and Carlists, emerged as significant political opposition groups. The Restoration’s victory initially established a centralized state model. However, political and cultural manifestations soon arose, known as regionalism and
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