Medieval Spanish Literature: Lyrics, Epics, and Prose
Medieval Spanish Literature
Lyrical Poetry
Jarchas and Cantigas de Amigo
The Mozarabic jarchas and Galician-Portuguese cantigas de amigo, along with Castilian songs, share lyrical patterns common across the Iberian Peninsula. As oral literature, their exact composition dates are unknown. We know these lyric forms through medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. The jarchas date from the mid-11th to the first half of the 14th century. The cantigas de amigo date from the late 12th to the late 14th century.
Read MoreThe Tumultuous Reign of Isabel II: A History of 19th Century Spain
The Regency of Maria Cristina and the First Carlist War (1833-1840)
Upon the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833, his daughter Isabel inherited the throne, sparking a succession crisis. Her uncle, Don Carlos, claimed the throne based on Salic Law, which excluded female rulers. This led to the First Carlist War, a conflict between Isabel’s supporters (Cristinos or Liberals) and Carlists (absolutists). Isabel’s mother, Maria Cristina, served as regent during her minority.
The regency faced challenges from
Read MoreThe Fall of Tsarism and the Rise of the Soviet Union
The Fall of Tsarism (1905-1917)
In the early 20th century, the Tsar held absolute power in Russia, relying on the nobility, church, and bureaucracy. A parliament, the Duma, existed, but the Tsar could dissolve it at will. Political freedoms were nonexistent, and opponents were persecuted by the secret police. The economy was primarily agricultural, but industrialization had begun, leading to the growth of the working class.
Various political forces opposed Tsarism, including bourgeois parties, peasant
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic: From Proclamation to Civil War
1. The Proclamation of the Republic and the Constitutional Period
The Revolutionary Committee formed a provisional government, involving:
- Liberal Republican Right (Maura and Niceto)
- Republican Left (Marcelino Manuel Azaña and Sunday)
- Radical Republicans (Lerroux and Diego Martinez)
- Socialists (Largo Caballero, Indalecio Prieto, and Fernando de los Rios)
- Catalan Nationalists (Nicolas D’Olme)
- Galician Republicans (Quiroga)
Reforms carried out by the Provisional Government on June 28, 1931:
Key Reforms under
Read MoreRise of Totalitarianism: Germany, Italy, and the USSR
Background: The Path to War
Germany: Treaty of Versailles and Hitler’s Rise
Following World War I, Germany felt humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty limited Germany’s military capabilities, demilitarized the Rhineland, and imposed reparations. This resentment fueled the rise of extremist ideologies, including Nazism. Hitler exploited this discontent, promising to restore German glory.
The Road to War
- Anschluss: German troops entered Austria, and Hitler claimed Austria as part of the
The Impact of Disentailment in 19th Century Spain
The Dynastic Crisis and the Carlist Wars
With the impending death of Ferdinand VII, absolutists rallied around his brother, Carlos. The birth of Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand VII and Maria Cristina, created a succession crisis. Upon Ferdinand VII’s death, this led to the Carlist Wars, with two factions emerging: the Isabelinos (supporting Isabella) and the Carlistas (supporting Carlos). Isabella was declared heir, a decision that remained until the Bourbon restoration. The Salic Law, excluding
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: A Concise History
The Military Revolt and the Development of the Civil War
Background
The history of the Spanish Civil War began with the Popular Front’s victory in the 1936 elections. Key actions of this government included a general amnesty for prisoners of the Asturias Revolution and the resumption of land reform. This fueled the war by angering landowners who supported a military conspiracy. Following their electoral defeat, right-wing parties also conspired to support a military coup. The assassination of Calvo
Read MoreChemical Reactions: Definition, Equation, and Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Chemical Reaction
A chemical reaction, or chemical change, is a process in which two or more substances (called reactants) transform into other substances called products due to an energy factor.
Chemical Equation
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
Classification of Chemical Reactions
By How They Perform:
- Synthesis: Elements react to form a compound.
- Decomposition: A compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
- Replacement: An element reacts with a compound,
The Franco Regime: Rise, Consolidation, and Crisis
The Rise of Franco
Military Influence (Ingurunabarrak)
Franco’s rise to power was facilitated by his military prowess and reputation, particularly his successes in Africa. This garnered support within the army, paving the way for a military dictatorship.
International Support (Inguabarrak)
Franco secured crucial support from Germany and Italy, obtaining resources and weapons that proved vital for winning the war. European powers also aided him through their neutrality.
Absence of Opposition
The deaths
Read MoreDivide and Conquer & Recurrences Cheat Sheet
Maximum Subarray Sum Problem (1D):
– **Problem**: Given an array \( A \) of size \( n \), find the subarray with the maximum sum.
– **Definitions**:
– **Max Subarray Sum**: \( \text{max}_{l, u} \sum_{j=l}^{u} A[j] \)
– **Max Prefix Sum**: \( \text{max}_{u} \sum_{j=0}^{u} A[j] \)
– **Max Suffix Sum**: \( \text{max}_{l} \sum_{j=l}^{n-1} A[j] \)
– **Algorithm (Divide and Conquer)
**:
1. Divide array into two halves.
2. Recursively compute max subarray for the left and right halves.
3. Combine