Reign of Catholic Monarchs: Unification & Expansion
Reyes Católicos 5.1: Dynastic Union
The marriage of Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon created the Hispanic monarchy. The union was dynastic and territorial, not a unified political and administrative entity. Each kingdom retained its laws, institutions, and customs. Boundaries imposed duties on goods, courts met independently, and currencies differed. However, Ferdinand and Isabella’s reign brought significant changes, centralizing power. Justice was dispensed jointly, royal decrees were
Read MoreJudicial Processes: Types, Characteristics, and Legal Frameworks
T-20 – Regular Processes
Regular processes can refer parties to settle their dispute, except for matters requiring a special procedure. They are characterized by the fullness of their cognition, considering the totality of the legal relationship. Judgments in regular processes “enjoy all the material effects of res judicata,” particularly the exclusion of re-litigation. Regular processes offer the largest increase in the guarantees of the parties, including argument, trial, and appeal.
Special Processes
The
Read MoreUnderstanding Your Town’s Geography, Governance, and Community Engagement
Town Geography and Characteristics
Legal Framework: The set of rules governing the municipality.
Internet Concept: The legal rules governing a specific location at a particular time. In democratic states, this includes the Constitution, laws, and executive regulations, treaties, conventions, contracts, and provisions.
Functions of the Municipality
Every municipality has duties to ensure community order and functioning. These include:
- Aqueducts, sewers, drains, and sewage treatment
- Electricity and gas
Rise and Evolution of Liberalism in 19th Century Spain
The Genesis of Liberalism
The spread of liberalism stems from Enlightenment ideology and the revolutionary experiences of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
1. Political Liberalism
Principles of liberalism include:
- Defense of the legal equality of all citizens before the law.
- Defense of individual freedom, evolving from a limited concept to a universal one encompassing economic and political spheres.
- Legitimacy of political power based on the general will, denying divine origin and placing sovereignty
Microsoft Excel and Access Essentials
Excel
1. What is Excel?
Excel is a spreadsheet application from Microsoft Office used to organize data and perform calculations. It allows you to create statistics and graphics from datasets.
2. Three Ways to Sum in Excel
- Click the cell where you want the sum to appear, select AutoSum in the toolbar, select the range with your mouse, and press Enter.
- Click the cell, type the = sign, select the cells you want to sum, type the formula, and press Enter.
- Click fx (Insert Function), select the SUM function,
Workplace Risk Prevention and Assessment
The Need for Preventive Action
Preventive action is a legal obligation of the employer.
Motivating factors include:
Society in general, companies, trade unions, and the government.
General Principles of Preventive Action
Prevention: The set of activities or actions taken or planned at all stages of business activity to prevent or reduce occupational hazards.
Prevention is the duty of both the employer and government.
Hazard, Injury, Risk
Hazard: The intrinsic property of something.
Occupational Hazard: The
Read MoreCompany Culture, Ethics, and Social Exclusion
Company Network
A network of contacts among agents, energizing their internal structure. Companies, especially multinationals, adapt to markets and technologies through internal decentralization. Subsidiaries, departments, and product lines have autonomy, even competing with each other. SMEs form collaborative networks for flexibility and resource concentration. Networks of small firms work for large ones, creating intersecting networks. The company network ensures flexibility but has adverse effects.
Read MoreComputer Simulation Fundamentals
Introduction to Computer Simulation
Introduction
When someone has the responsibility of running a system, such as a bank or a city transportation system, they must continually make decisions about the actions performed on the system. These decisions should result in the best possible objectives for the system’s behavior. To decide properly, you need to know how the system will respond to a certain action. This could be done by experimentation with the system itself, but cost factors, security, and
Read MoreMulticulturalism in American Literature: Momaday and Cofer
The Literatures of Multiculturalism: Scott Momaday – The Way to Rainy Mountain (1969) / Judith Ortiz Cofer – The Witch’s Husband (1993)
The 1960s saw a rejection of dominant cultural norms (non-whites, non-males, or non-Anglo Saxons). Social groups were often categorized as dominators and the dominated. Power structures, including language, ethics, and media, maintained the oppression of diverse groups in opposition to a dominant class. This dualism was sometimes referred to as the “Martini Cocktail.
Read MoreCross-Cultural Psychology: Research, Morality, Communication, Therapy
MULTIPLE CHOICE NOTES
Measurement bias – same validity & reliability across cultures
Poortinga [1898] dealing with non-equivalent data – precluding comparison
Ecological theory – children contribute to their enculturation & socializing processes
Mead – post figurative – low level peer, prefigurative – high level peer influence
Biologically based style of interacting with world exists from birth – temperament
Piaget’s theory cog dev concern – cultural variation – child get skills in Piaget’s stages
Sees