World War I Aftermath and the 1929 Economic Crisis
War Debts and Economic Problems After World War I
War debts were debts incurred by countries involved in the conflict during the First World War. Reparations were payments for the destruction caused by the war. Germany was the country most affected by the policy of compensation.
- Consumer goods: These are goods that have a shelf life longer than one year and are demanded by economic agents.
- Inflation: This is the increase in property prices and services.
- Speculative bubble: This is a market situation
Legal Concepts: Analogy, Retroactivity, and Interpretation
Concept and Types of Analogy
Concept: It is an instrument capable of overcoming the regulatory gap by applying to an unregulated course the solution from a similar or analogous course. Art. 4.1 of the Civil Code states that analogy of the rules shall be used when they do not provide a specific course, but regulate other similar situations where there is an identity of reason.
Classes:
- Legis: Covers a specific legal vacuum by applying another specific rule that gives an extensible solution to the unregulated
Financial Analysis: Income, Profitability, and Returns
Economic Analysis: Results and Profitability
Analysis of Income
The income statement is the profit and loss account (P & L).
Sales: Total income from economic activity.
– Cost of Sales: Variable costs to make, buy, distribute, and sell products.
= Gross Margin
– Fixed Costs: Structural costs that do not depend on the level of activity.
= Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)
+– Financial: Difference between income and financial expenses.
= Profit Before Tax (PBT)
– Income Tax: Corporation tax or equivalent.
Read MoreProcurement Process: Stages and Best Practices
Stages in the Procurement Process
The procurement process involves planning purchases closely related to the needs of customers and conducting sales of previously incorrectly acquired items. A poor supplier selection can lead to increased transport costs, poor quality of products, unreliability, uneconomical prices, and delays in delivery times.
Stages of the Shopping Circuit
Start the process:
- Knowledge of the market
- Assess the needs and conditions for their satisfaction
Preparation of the purchase:
- Request
Economic Impacts of Savings, Labor Reform, and Monetary Policy
Economic Impacts of Increased Savings
An increase in household’s marginal propensity to save leads to a negative demand shock. As households save more, consumption decreases, causing a decline in production and slowing the economy. The IS curve shifts left. Lower production leads to fewer jobs, increasing unemployment, and decreasing inflation. Falling inflation raises the real interest rate, risking deflation.
To prevent deflation, the central bank should reduce the nominal interest rate, lowering
Read MoreUnderstanding Cognitive Principles in Language Learning
Cognitive Principles: they relate to mental and intellectual functions.
1. Automaticity
Automaticity: is the ability to do things without occupying the mind, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.
*Overcoming our propensity to pay too much focal attention to the bits and pieces of language and to move language forms quickly to the periphery by using language in authentic contexts for meaningful purposes.* Grammatical
Read MoreSpanish Theater: Post-Civil War to Late 20th Century
Spanish Theater in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Theater in Exile. At the end of the civil war, Lorca had been killed, and Valle-Inclan had passed away. Established figures went into exile. The theater began to recover, closely watched by censors, leading to new trends and figures.
Teatro de Humor
In this mode, two trends emerged:
- The first trend kept the Spanish scene away from real issues. Alfonso Paso cultivated a gentle, evasive, and somewhat witty comedy.
- In response, a radically innovative
Understanding Banking Transactions: Assets, Liabilities, and Services
Understanding Banking Transactions
Classify the following financial transactions according to whether they are asset, liability, or neutral.
Credit account: asset
Direct debit of a telephone bill: neutral
Deposit of a cheque: neutral
Collection management of bills of exchange: neutral
Bank transfer: neutral
Loan: asset
Fixed-term deposit: liability
Leasing: asset
Factoring: asset
Savings account: liability
Currency exchange: neutral
Taking effects for your discount: asset
Differences Between Liability and Asset
Byzantine Art: Architecture, Painting, Mosaics, and Sculpture
Byzantine Art
Byzantium, a Greek town that had been the head of a Roman province, suddenly rose in 330 AD, by the decision of Constantine the Great, to the rank of imperial capital under the name of Constantinople. Half a century later, Theodosius divided his kingdom between his two sons and created two independent states: the Western Empire, with Rome as its capital, and the Eastern Empire, centered in Byzantium. The fall of the Western Empire in 476 AD checked the spiritual heritage of Byzantium
Read MoreOrchestral Instruments
Percussion |
| Brass |
Woodwind Strings Conductor |
The Conductor
The conductor uses a score with all the parts, which are in order. They control the tempo using a hand or baton. They cue in musicians, especially for brass and percussion, and interpret the music, much like a film director.
String Instruments
Violin
Bowed: Open note. Changing the length of strings by pressing down (stopping). String close to the bridge: high note. String further: low note. Double-stopping: Two notes played at the same time. Tremolo:
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