Types of Propositions and Their Functions in Sentences
Coordinated Copulative Propositions
Coordinated copulative propositions combine their meanings.
Links: y (and), e (and), ni (nor).
Disjunctive Propositions
Disjunctive propositions are joined by expressing alternative actions that cannot be given at the same time.
Links: o (or), u (or).
Distributive Propositions
Distributive propositions present actions that occur alternately but are not excluded.
Links: ya … ya (now … now), bien … bien (either … or), uno … otro (one … another).
Adversative Propositions
One
Read MoreFundamental Economic Terms and Their Applications
Real Assets
Those things that are deemed adequate to meet human needs.
Needs
A sense of lack of something linked to the desire to satisfy it. The economy is particularly interested in those needs whose satisfaction requires the use of scarce resources.
Marginal Analysis
Assumes that people make decisions weighing the benefits against the additional costs at the time we choose.
Incentives
People change their behavior in response to a reward.
FPP (Production Possibilities Frontier)
A simple tool to study efficiency,
Read MoreDescartes’ Philosophy: Substance, Attributes, and the Path to Truth
Descartes’ Core Concepts
Attribute: The essence of each substance (e.g., the attribute of bodies is extension). Idea: Thought. Reason: The power to distinguish the true from the false. Mode: Ways to express a substance (e.g., listed as a way of a body). Nature: (1) Essence. (2) Joint natural beings. Opinion: Knowledge not recognized as formally true. Reality: The reality of things in themselves. Objective Reality: The reality of things as they are represented. Substance: Everything that exists in
Read MoreTennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire: Symbolism and Myth
Tennessee Williams’ “Plastic Theater” in *A Streetcar Named Desire*
Tennessee Williams names his theater the “Plastic Theater”, a term used to refer to a kind of theater that depicts life itself but with new, special techniques. In certain stage directions of the play, the author introduces some kinesic elements that symbolize the psychological state of the characters. Some of these are the Varsouviana music, lights, and shadows. The former sounds in Blanche’s head every time someone asks something
Read MoreOptical Instruments and Phenomena: A Comprehensive Study
Periscope
Periscopes use isosceles rectangular glass prisms with a critical angle of approximately 43 degrees. The light inside the glass normally follows the path shown in the accompanying figure.
Pinhole Cameras
The simplest optical device is a pinhole camera, which is a closed box with a hole in one wall. It always produces real and inverted images, and its gain is given by A = y’ / s’.
Microscope
A microscope is used to see a greatly magnified image of a very small object at a short distance. It
Read MoreSaint Augustine and Aristotle: Philosophy of Social Order
Saint Augustine: Religion as the Foundation of Social Order
Author
Saint Augustine was a medieval philosopher who lived between the 4th and 5th centuries AD. Born in Tagaste (North Africa), he was one of the early Church Fathers.
Topic
Religion as a foundation of social order.
Main Ideas
- Human justice is based on divine law.
- In ethics, the soul must also obey God’s commandments.
- Without justice, there is no common interest, i.e., a people, and without it, there is no divine policy (society).
Relationship
Read MoreDNA, Evolution, and Genetics: Key Discoveries & Scientists
Key Discoveries in DNA, Evolution, and Genetics
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, developed by Mullis, generates DNA copies.
Genetic Modification Techniques
- Recombinant DNA
- The Human Genome Project
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is used to analyze the human genome and understand evolution.
Stratigraphy and Ecology
Stratigraphy studies soil horizons, while ecology explores organism-environment relationships.
Early Theories of Life
- Aristotle: Proposed the scala naturae, a classification of organisms.
Spanish Civil War: Key Events and Battles 1936-1939
Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939
Introduction
From 1936 to 1939, a military uprising originating in Morocco, headed by General Francisco Franco, spread rapidly across Spain, thus starting the Civil War. After several bloody battles in which fortunes changed from one side to another, the Nationalist forces finally prevailed and made a victorious entry into Madrid on March 28, 1939.
Significant Events
1936
The tragic death of Calvo Sotelo accelerated a military coup that had been under preparation for some
Read MoreUnderstanding GDP, Inflation, and Economic Indicators
GDP (Market Price)
GDP mp = Household consumption + Investment + Public spending + (Exports – Imports)
GDP (Cost of Factors)
GDP cf = Wages + Interest income + Benefits + Business profits + Official grants
Nominal vs. Real GDP
- Nominal GDP: Calculated by multiplying the quantity of final goods and services by their current prices.
- Real GDP: Calculated using the quantities of goods and services in a given year, multiplied by the prices of a base year.
Deflator: Eliminates the effect of inflation on the
Read MoreEssential Business Terms: Definitions and Key Concepts
General Business Terms
- Business Plan: A formal report showing how a business sets out to achieve its aims and objectives.
- Consumer: The ultimate user of the product or service; the consumer may not have paid for it.
- Customer: A purchaser of a product or service.
- Customer Satisfaction: How happy the customer is with the product or service.
- Entrepreneur: An individual with an idea for a business.
- External Stakeholder: An individual or group outside the business who is indirectly connected with that business.