Consumer Behavior, Production & Market Structures Economics

Consumer Behavior: Utility & Indifference Curves

This unit explores how consumers make choices to maximize their satisfaction.

Key Concepts

  • Utility: The want-satisfying power of a commodity.

    • Cardinal Utility: Assumes utility can be measured numerically (e.g., in “utils”). This is the basis for the Marginal Utility Analysis.

    • Ordinal Utility: Assumes utility can only be ranked or compared (e.g., first, second, third preference). This is the basis for the Indifference Curve Analysis.

  • Law of Diminishing

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Understanding Non-Performing Assets in Banking

Non-Performing Assets (NPA)

Assets: Generate revenue for the future. Example – Car, Machines, etc.

NPA: An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. NPAs are those loans that have stopped making interest or principal return for over 90 days (3 months).

Classification of NPA

  • Sub-standard Asset: A non-performing asset that is overdue for less than or equal to 12 months.
  • Doubtful Assets: An asset that has remained NPA for more than 12 months.
  • Loss Assets: An asset that
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News Diversity: Types, Treatment and Production Challenges

Diversity of News and Treatment Challenges

There is such a variety of news items and actions that it is impossible to analyze them all; they are therefore grouped into different blocks according to the similarity of the production challenges:

Narrative of Content and Events

News based on facts with real images recorded or broadcast live. The reporter goes to the scene or reports from remote points and can be better informed. The reporter usually appears on the screen, which requires the ability to

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Intranet Architecture, Security and Network Protocols

1. Intranet Concepts and Architecture

An intranet is a private internal network of an organization that uses Internet technologies such as TCP/IP, web browsers, and HTTP to facilitate secure communication, information sharing, and collaboration among employees. It creates a centralized digital environment where users can access internal documents, applications, and databases. The architecture of an intranet typically follows a client-server model consisting of client devices, web servers, application

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English Conditionals, Wishes and Effective Report Writing

English Conditionals and Wish Expressions

Zero conditional

Zero conditional: If you stand in the rain, you get wet. / If you heat ice, it melts. Present simple + present simple

Uses: Facts which are generally true or scientific facts. The condition always has the same result.

First conditional

First conditional: If it rains, we will cancel the trip. / If you study, you will pass the exam.

Form: Present simple + will/won’t + verb

Uses: A possible situation in the future. Predicting a likely result in the

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Photodiode Principles and LED Construction Explained

UNIT-5

1.Briefly discuss about Photo diode?

Photodiode:


A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical

Current. It operates based on the principle of the photovoltaic effect, where the

Absorption of photons generates electron-hole pairs, leading to a current flow

When the device is connected in an electrical circuit


Structure and Symbol:



*Structure: Photodiodes are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon

They typically have a p-n junction, with the p-side connected

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Secured Loans, Liens, Bankruptcy, Employment & Cyber Law

Secured Loans and Liens

  • Secured Loans: Loans backed by an asset.
  • Common law and statutory law: Address remedies in case of default.
  • Liens: A claim against specific property to satisfy a debt.
  • Mechanics liens: A security interest given to someone who provides work or improvements to a specific parcel of property.
  • Judgment liens: A legal claim placed on a debtor’s property after a court issues a monetary judgment against them. It ensures the creditor gets paid if the debtor sells or refinances their
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Marine Steam and Gas Turbine Systems: Key Parameters and Configurations

Marine Steam Turbine Fundamentals

1. Typical Parameters of a Marine Steam Turbine

  • Power output
  • Steam pressure and temperature
  • Rotational speed
  • Condenser vacuum

2. Main Propulsion Steam Turbine System Configuration

The flow path is: Boiler → Turbine → Condenser → Feed Pumps → Boiler.

3. Multistage Steam Turbine Necessity

Multistage operation is required because gradual steam expansion increases efficiency and reduces energy losses.

4. Ship’s Astern Steam Turbine Configuration

An astern turbine is typically

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Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023: Criminal Law Provisions Explained

Punishment under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

Introduction

Punishment means the penalty imposed by law on a person who is found guilty of committing an offence. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, punishment is an essential instrument of criminal justice to maintain social order and deter criminal behaviour. The concept of punishment aims to protect society and reform offenders.

Legal Provisions and Types

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 provides various kinds of punishments which may be imposed

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Identifying Media Bias Types in News Reporting

Types of Media Bias

Bias by Omission

Bias by omission involves leaving one side out of an article, or a series of articles over time. This includes ignoring facts that tend to disprove claims of one group or support beliefs of another group. Bias by omission can occur within a single story or over the long term as a news outlet reports on one set of events but not another.

Bias by Selection of Sources

Bias by selection of sources occurs when including more sources that support one view over another.

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