Control Systems Engineering and PID Controller Design
Control Systems, Signals, and Loop Architectures
A system transforms an input u(t) into an output y(t). It can be classified as continuous or discrete, linear or nonlinear, and time-invariant or time-variant.
- Signals: Can be continuous or discrete, periodic or aperiodic, deterministic or random, and energy or power signals.
- Open loop: Operates without feedback; the control action does not depend on the output. This is simple but sensitive to disturbances and parameter changes.
- Closed loop: Utilizes
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Read MoreEssential Principles of Accounting and Corporate Finance
1. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
GAAP, which stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, refers to the rules and guidelines that companies follow to prepare financial statements. They were developed over time through common practice, and different countries have different GAAP (e.g., US GAAP, German GAAP). GAAP are necessary because they:
- Make financial information useful;
- Allow comparison over time;
- Allow comparison between different companies.
Without GAAP, financial statements
Read MoreEvolution of English and Historical Linguistics
Foundations of Historical Linguistics
Historical linguistics involves several key frameworks for understanding how languages function and change:
- Diachronic: Studies changes in language over time.
- Synchronic: Studies the linguistic elements and usage of a language at a particular moment of time.
- Linguistic Prescriptivism: An ideology and practice in which the correct and incorrect uses of a language or specific linguistic items are laid down by explicit rules.
- Overt Prestige: The positive or high value
English Lexicology: Lexicon Structure, Word-Formation & Change
1. Lexicology and Lexical Units
Lexicology is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units. Lexicology is concerned with the meaning, history, and use of words and also with lexicographic descriptions of lexical items in dictionaries. The major task is to reveal how the lexicon is organized, structured, systematized, and how it is used for the purposes of communication.
Lexicology is divided into:
- general (across all languages),
- special
IoT Energy Optimization and Smart Infrastructure Automation
Case Study: Energy Optimization in Street Lighting
Intelligent Urban Lighting in Barcelona by Indra
Aim: Reduce energy consumption, enhance safety and aesthetic appeal, and enable remote monitoring and control.
Key Features and Components:
- Modules: Five modules including a core with a rules engine, a web interface, data acquisition from smart buildings, power consumption data publishing, and on-street control units.
Data integration, control logic, outcomes, and benefits are central to this system.
Energy
Read MoreIntonation: Tonality, Tonicity, Tone & the Nucleus
Tonality, Tonicity, and Tone — Meanings and Relevance
Tonality: Refers to the segmentation of speech into Intonation Phrases (IPs). It’s about where the boundaries (pauses, pitch breaks) are placed. Changing tonality changes meaning.
Relevance: Determines the chunk of speech over which a pitch pattern operates.
Tonicity: Refers to the placement of the nucleus (the main pitch movement) within an Intonation Phrase.
Relevance: Indicates the focus or information structure.
Tone: Refers to the choice of
Read MoreAI Agents and Market Efficiency: Impacts, Risks, Inequality
AI Agents and Market Efficiency
Why Agents Matter for Market Efficiency: AI agents help improve how markets work by acting as extensions of human decision-making. They assist people in making faster and smarter economic choices.
How Agents Help
How they help:
- They optimize decisions that humans might make less efficiently (due to limited attention or data).
- They can also make “good enough” decisions — quick, low-cost, and effective for everyday use.
Immediate Results
The results: Higher efficiency
Read MoreSedimentology Concepts: Grain Size, Transport & Diagenesis
Sedimentology Concepts: Grain Size, Transport & Diagenesis
(a) Krumbein’s Logarithmic Transformation (φ scale)
Why is Krumbein’s logarithmic transformation necessary? Grain-size data are not normally distributed but are skewed. Krumbein introduced the phi (φ) scale to convert grain size into a logarithmic form: φ = −log₂ (grain diameter in mm). This transformation simplifies statistical analysis of sediments and helps in easy comparison of grain-size parameters like mean, sorting, skewness,
Read MoreSant Fruitós Cycling Trip and Visit Plans
Marc: Cycling Update
Hi Marc,
I think I’ve officially become one of those people who can’t shut up about their bike.
But honestly, how could I not? Cycling has become such a big part of my life – it keeps me fit, clears my mind, and gives me a sense of purpose.
I’ve been riding for over three years now, and for the past two years I’ve been part of the Love Cycling Sant Fruitós Club. Being part of the group has really helped me stay consistent, push harder, and discover some amazing routes
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