Core Concepts of Algorithm Design and Computational Problem Solving
Unit– 1
Problems and Problem Instances
A problem in computer science is a clearly defined task or situation that requires a solution using logical and computational methods. It describes what needs to be achieved without specifying how to achieve it. A problem usually includes input data, required output, and certain constraints that must be satisfied. For example, “finding the maximum number in a list” is a problem statement. A problem instance is a specific example of that problem with actual
Read MoreAcademic Source Classification and Critical Evaluation
The Importance of Academic Sources
Sources are fundamental to academic rigor and provide:
- Credibility: Proof of academic rigor.
- Perspectives: Balance of views.
- Depth: Analysis beyond surface knowledge.
Maximizing Marks with Source Use
Correct use of primary and secondary sources leads to higher marks in:
- Criteria A: Focus and Method
- Criteria C: Critical Thinking
Defining Primary Sources
Direct, first-hand evidence created at the time under study; not interpreted by another author.
Examples of Primary Sources
- History:
Molecular Geometry, Gas Laws, and Intermolecular Forces
Molecular Geometry and Hybridization
To determine electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and bond angles, you must count electron domains (bonding pairs and lone pairs) around the central atom of a Lewis structure.
- Electron Domain Geometry: The arrangement of all electron domains. For example, four domains result in a tetrahedral geometry.
- Molecular Geometry: The arrangement of only the atoms. For example, four domains with one lone pair result in a trigonal pyramidal
Database Clustering vs Parallel Architecture: Performance
Database Clustering and Parallel Architecture Fundamentals
Understanding Database Clusters
Definition of a Database Cluster
A Database Cluster is a group of databases or database servers that work together to store data, share workload, and improve overall performance and reliability.
Key Benefits of Database Clustering
Database clusters are essential for modern applications due to several critical advantages:
- High Availability: If one server fails, another server will automatically handle the database
Indian Business Environment and Economic Policy
Unit 1: Business Environment Foundations
Nature and Determinants of Business Environment
The business environment refers to all external forces that influence a firm’s decisions, performance, and growth. It includes economic conditions, political stability, legal frameworks, technological changes, socio-cultural factors, and global trends. These components work together to create opportunities or threats for businesses. Determinants like government policies, market competition, resource availability,
Read MoreSolve 8-Puzzle Problem with Python and A* Search
Write a Program to Implement 8-Puzzle problem using Python
import heapq
from termcolor import colored
# Class to represent the state of the 8-puzzle
class PuzzleState:
def __init__(self, board, parent, move, depth, cost):
self.Board = board # The puzzle board configuration
self.Parent = parent # Parent state
self.Move = move # Move to reach this state
self.Depth = depth # Depth in the search tree
self.Cost = cost # Cost (depth + heuristic)
Core Macroeconomic Models: IS-LM-PC, Phillips Curve, and Key Laws
The natural rate of unemployment is a function of the firm’s markup and non-labour related cost, 𝑚, the labour market characteristics, 𝑧, and the strength of the effect of unemployment on wages, alpha–> un=(m+z)/alpha Y EXPLICAMOS EL CAMBIO
Potential output,Yn, is a function of the natural employment level, Nn, which depends on the natural rate of unemployment: Yn=Nn=L(1-un)Y EXPLICAMOS EL CAMBIO
b) Analyse the policy’s short-run effects. SOLUTION: Initially, the economy is in equilibrium
Read MoreCore Concepts and Theories of Modern Management
Module 1: Fundamentals of Management
1. Management Definition
The process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational objectives.
2. Characteristics of Management
- Goal-oriented
- Universal
- Continuous
- Social
- Multidisciplinary
- Coordinated
3. Management: Science Versus Art
- Science: Based on systematic knowledge and cause-effect relationships.
- Art: Requires creativity, personal skill, and is practice-based.
4. Taylor’s Scientific Management
- Scientific
Literary Analysis: Structure and Forms of Narrative Texts
Narrative Texts: Definition and Structure
Narrative texts relate real or imagined events that happen to characters developed in space and time.
Essential Elements of Narrative
-
The Narrator: Recounts the events or circumstances that happen to the characters. The story can be told in:
- First Person: As a character involved in the story (autobiographical).
- Third Person: Without intervening in the history (as a witness), or taking an omniscient stance (knowing the feelings, thoughts, and emotions of the
Inventory Valuation and Receivables Accounting
Allowance Method for Uncollectible Accounts
We use the Allowance Method to record estimated uncollectible accounts, which is used to estimate and record expected bad debts. This method ensures that Accounts Receivable (A/R) is stated at Net Realizable Value (NRV) and matches bad debt expense with the related sales revenue.
- Adjusting Entry: Updates the allowance balance to the target ending balance (usually a percentage of A/R or based on an aging schedule).
- Write-Off: Removes a specific A/R from the