Postcolonial Identity in Caribbean, South African, Indian & Sri Lankan

Caribbean: Art, Maps, and Diasporic Identity

Antillean Art and Walcott’s Shattered Histories

“Antillean art is this restoration of our shattered histories, our shards of vocabulary, our archipelago becoming a synonym for pieces broken off”? In his Nobel Prize speech, Derek Walcott explains that Caribbean, or Antillean, art is a way of rebuilding what history destroyed. Caribbean history was violently broken by slavery, colonialism, and forced migration. During the Middle Passage, Africans were

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Catholic Social Teaching on Life, Property, and Economic Systems

Bioethics: Moral Reflection on Life and Science

Origin and Purpose of Bioethics

Bioethics arises from the need to reflect morally on the rapid development of science and technology, particularly in the fields of medicine and biology.

As scientific progress began to make it possible to intervene directly in the origin, development, and end of human life, ethical questions emerged that could not be answered by technical knowledge alone.

Bioethics, therefore, seeks to evaluate scientific practices in the

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Advanced Concepts in Information Retrieval and Recommendation Systems

Information Retrieval Evaluation and Relevance

Weighting Schemes in Weighted Cohen’s Kappa

Weighted Cohen’s Kappa uses specific weighting schemes (linear vs. quadratic) to measure inter-annotator agreement when categories are ordered.

  • Linear Weighting: Penalizes disagreements proportionally to category distance. This is suitable when graded differences are modest. Linear weights are simpler but less sensitive.
  • Quadratic Weighting: Penalizes larger disagreements more strongly, emphasizing severe
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Asset Pricing Models and Bond Valuation Essentials

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) defines the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets, particularly stocks.

  • Expected Return of Asset: Risk-Free Rate + Beta × (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate)
  • Beta Formula: Beta = Covariance(Asset Return, Market Return) / Variance(Market Return)
  • CAPM Regression: (Asset Return – Risk-Free Rate) = Alpha + Beta × (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate)
  • Alpha Formula: Alpha = Actual Expected Return – CAPM Predicted
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Progressive Era and WWI: US History

Unit 10: The Progressive Era & World War I

The Early Twentieth Century: Reform and Conflict

The Progressive Era (1890s–1920s)

Towards the end of the Gilded Age (1870s – 1890s), a new era started: The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Different people advocated for reform (though not always for the same reasons), including politicians, conservationists, muckrakers, scientists and scholars, civil rights activists, and labor unions.

Key Progressive Figures
Eugene V. Debs

Founder of the American Railway

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Catholic Social Teaching: Core Principles and Ethics

1. Fundamentals of Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC)

Definition and Purpose

  • Definition: A theological-moral model pertaining to the new evangelization, offering a propositional table based on reason directed toward the common good.
  • Purpose: It is not an ideology or a political program, but a tool for analyzing social, economic, and political contexts through a Christian lens.

Historical Origin and Sources

  • Historical Origin: Formally emerged in 1891 with Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum to address the “labor
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Strategic Management Essentials: Strategy, Analysis & Governance

Module 1 — Introducing Strategy

TopicKey Points
Definition of StrategyAllocation of resources to achieve competitive advantage and long-term value creation
Strategic DecisionsLong-term; environment-dependent; aims to gain or defend advantage
Strategy StatementsVision: desired future • Values: stable principles • Objectives: measurable (financial, market, TBL)
Levels of StrategyCorporate: scope & value across units • Business: how to compete • Functional: support strategy
Strategy ProcessUnderstand
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Database Systems: Architecture, Design, and Normalization

Three-Level Database Architecture

The three-level (three-schema) architecture separates how data is physically stored, logically structured, and viewed by different users. This is the ANSI/SPARC architecture, and it exists mainly to provide data abstraction and data independence.

External, Conceptual, and Internal Levels

  • External (View) level: This is the level closest to the users; it defines multiple user views (external schemas). Each view shows only part of the database relevant to that user or
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Atmosphere and Weather Exam Cheat Sheet — Key Formulas & Tips

Atmosphere & Weather Exam Cheat Sheet (Super Simple)

Exam-Style Questions — How to Answer (with steps)

1. Temperature Questions

Q: Convert Celsius ↔ Kelvin

How to answer:

  1. If going from °C → K: add 273.15 (K = °C + 273.15).
  2. If going from K → °C: subtract 273.15 (°C = K − 273.15).

2. Insolation / Energy Questions

Q: Why is this day warmer/colder?

How to answer:

  1. Look at the irradiance graph.
  2. Higher irradiance = more sunlight.
  3. More sunlight usually = warmer temperatures.

3. Relative Humidity (RH)

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Kautilya’s Arthashastra: Ancient Indian Economic Structure

Ancient Indian Economic Thought and State Power

Ancient Indian economic thought, best represented by Kautilya’s Arthashastra, viewed the economy as a crucial engine for state power (Artha). It stressed a dynamic and balanced system involving agriculture, industry, trade, and state regulation to ensure prosperity and welfare.

Industry and Crafts

Ancient Indian thought recognized the value of manufacturing and specialized crafts as a key source of wealth and national prestige, driving both internal and

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