Asset Pricing Models and Bond Valuation Essentials
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) defines the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets, particularly stocks.
- Expected Return of Asset: Risk-Free Rate + Beta × (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate)
- Beta Formula: Beta = Covariance(Asset Return, Market Return) / Variance(Market Return)
- CAPM Regression: (Asset Return – Risk-Free Rate) = Alpha + Beta × (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate)
- Alpha Formula: Alpha = Actual Expected Return – CAPM Predicted
Progressive Era and WWI: US History
Unit 10: The Progressive Era & World War I
The Early Twentieth Century: Reform and Conflict
The Progressive Era (1890s–1920s)
Towards the end of the Gilded Age (1870s – 1890s), a new era started: The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Different people advocated for reform (though not always for the same reasons), including politicians, conservationists, muckrakers, scientists and scholars, civil rights activists, and labor unions.
Key Progressive Figures
Eugene V. Debs
Founder of the American Railway
Read MoreCatholic Social Teaching: Core Principles and Ethics
1. Fundamentals of Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC)
Definition and Purpose
- Definition: A theological-moral model pertaining to the new evangelization, offering a propositional table based on reason directed toward the common good.
- Purpose: It is not an ideology or a political program, but a tool for analyzing social, economic, and political contexts through a Christian lens.
Historical Origin and Sources
- Historical Origin: Formally emerged in 1891 with Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum to address the “labor
Strategic Management Essentials: Strategy, Analysis & Governance
Module 1 — Introducing Strategy
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Definition of Strategy | Allocation of resources to achieve competitive advantage and long-term value creation |
| Strategic Decisions | Long-term; environment-dependent; aims to gain or defend advantage |
| Strategy Statements | Vision: desired future • Values: stable principles • Objectives: measurable (financial, market, TBL) |
| Levels of Strategy | Corporate: scope & value across units • Business: how to compete • Functional: support strategy |
| Strategy Process | Understand |
Database Systems: Architecture, Design, and Normalization
Three-Level Database Architecture
The three-level (three-schema) architecture separates how data is physically stored, logically structured, and viewed by different users. This is the ANSI/SPARC architecture, and it exists mainly to provide data abstraction and data independence.
External, Conceptual, and Internal Levels
- External (View) level: This is the level closest to the users; it defines multiple user views (external schemas). Each view shows only part of the database relevant to that user or
Atmosphere and Weather Exam Cheat Sheet — Key Formulas & Tips
Atmosphere & Weather Exam Cheat Sheet (Super Simple)
Exam-Style Questions — How to Answer (with steps)
1. Temperature Questions
Q: Convert Celsius ↔ Kelvin
How to answer:
- If going from °C → K: add 273.15 (K = °C + 273.15).
- If going from K → °C: subtract 273.15 (°C = K − 273.15).
2. Insolation / Energy Questions
Q: Why is this day warmer/colder?
How to answer:
- Look at the irradiance graph.
- Higher irradiance = more sunlight.
- More sunlight usually = warmer temperatures.
3. Relative Humidity (RH)
Read MoreKautilya’s Arthashastra: Ancient Indian Economic Structure
Ancient Indian Economic Thought and State Power
Ancient Indian economic thought, best represented by Kautilya’s Arthashastra, viewed the economy as a crucial engine for state power (Artha). It stressed a dynamic and balanced system involving agriculture, industry, trade, and state regulation to ensure prosperity and welfare.
Industry and Crafts
Ancient Indian thought recognized the value of manufacturing and specialized crafts as a key source of wealth and national prestige, driving both internal and
Read MoreGlobal Urbanization and City Structures
Historical Development of Cities
Cities in Antiquity
- Around 7,000 years ago, the first cities emerged in China, India, and the Middle East.
- Structure centered around a palace, market, and temple, often protected by a defense wall.
The Greek Polis
- The Greek city-state (*polis*) featured two main urban areas:
- The **Acropolis**: The high, fortified area.
- The **Agora**: The public square and marketplace.
- By the 5th century BCE, the grid plan became common.
Roman Cities
- Characterized by a regular, planned layout
Comparing Language Teaching Methodologies: Form vs. Meaning
Prescriptive Grammar and Language Standards
Prescriptive grammar tries to preserve what is assumed to be the standard language by telling people what rules they should know and how they should speak and write. Therefore, according to prescriptivism, grammar teaching is often seen as establishing the “correct” way of speaking and writing.
Focus on Forms: The Traditional Approach
This option is today considered the traditional approach, although it has not always been viewed that way. Course design
Read MoreEssential Business and Finance Terminology for Professionals
Core Business and Financial Definitions
Commercial Documents and Trade Terms
- Invoice: A legally binding document that is sent after goods or services have been delivered.
- Pro Forma Invoice: Received before payment or ordering; often replaces a quotation.
- Accounting: Systems for recording and classifying business and financial transactions.
- Claims: Demands by customers of an insurance firm for reimbursement following an accident or loss.
- Turnover: The total business done by a company in a given period.