Photosynthesis: Light and Dark Reactions
Fundamentals of Photosynthesis
In photosynthesis, light is captured by pigments. When a photon is absorbed by an electron, a photosynthetic pigment is excited. The pigment electron will be provided again if there is a primary donor of electrons. The liberated electrons pass to a primary electron acceptor and then to an electron transport chain. Reactions that occur in this chain are exothermic. The energy is used to create a proton gradient through the thylakoid membrane. Subsequently, the passage
Read MoreMaterials Science: Properties, History, and Nanotechnology
Introduction to Materials Science
Everything in the universe exists in a material form. Matter, as it occurs in nature, has specific properties. Matter is constituted by particles. The Big Bang created atoms, initially Hydrogen and Helium. The nucleus of stars produces heavier atoms like Iron. Supernova explosions create the rest of the heavy atoms. Materials can be used as pure substances or mixtures.
Types of Materials
- Raw Materials: Obtained directly from nature, such as wood, granite, and sand.
Hard Drive & Storage Technology: Key Concepts
Hard drives are divided into tracks and sectors using Winchester technology. They are direct access devices. A, b, and c are correct.
Optical discs use laser technology. They are output devices. They use laser technology.
The CD-ROM is a storage medium. It is a storage medium.
The concept “each physical side of the disc,” corresponds to: Faces. Faces.
The concept “areas obtained by drawing imaginary diameters,” corresponds to: Sectors. Sectors.
The term “each axis of concentric rings found on each face,
Read MoreImmigrant Life: Caribbean to UK – A Personal Journey
Wherever I Hang My Knickers
This poem explores the journey of a female immigrant from the Caribbean to the UK. The use of phrases like “Wherever I hang my knickers, that’s my home” clearly indicates the speaker’s gender and her attempt to adapt to a new life.
Leaving the Caribbean
The speaker is leaving behind the vibrant life of the Caribbean – nature, food, friends, colors, and calypso – due to poverty. She seeks a life of dignity in the city.
A Positive View of England?
Initially, England is portrayed
Read MoreSpanish Political System: Late 19th Century
System Operation: Oligarchy and Political Bosses
The system failed because the elections were a fraud. The results were forged under the leadership of the major parties. In Spain, there were two main types of constituencies: urban and rural areas. In the city, what prevailed was abstention. In the countryside, the results were controlled by warlords. The chiefs were the people of the towns that had power. This scam was undermining the credibility of the system. The electoral system of the Restoration
Read MoreSpain Under Ferdinand VII: A Clash of Ideologies
Ferdinand VII’s Reign: Absolutism vs. Liberalism
The reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833) was marked by a constant confrontation between absolutists and liberals. The king tried to maintain absolutism, but this was impossible due to fiscal problems, the independence of the colonies, and the liberal evolution of Europe from 1830. His son’s death without issue opened a conflict between the heiress Isabel and his brother Charles, which led to the First Carlist War and the final victory of liberalism.
The
Read MoreFascism and Nazism: Origins, Characteristics, and Expansion
Italian Fascism
The causes of the rise of fascism.
Italy entered the First World War without parliamentary consent. At the end of it, the large external debt triggered rising inflation, and the demobilization of the army increased unemployment.
The traditional political parties had to cope with this delicate situation, and much of the population began to support extremist parties: the Communist Party and the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, led by Benito Mussolini.
Characteristics of Fascism
It has six
Read MoreSocial Media, Youth Development, Parental Responsibility, Student Jobs, and Tourism Impact
Students and Teachers as Friends on Social Media
Nowadays, the question of whether students and teachers should be friends on social media is a complex one.
Pros:
- Monitored use of social media by teachers can provide a safe online environment.
- Some students are shy to ask questions in front of the class and may feel more comfortable online.
- Students may be more likely to trust and report abuse or violence to a teacher they are connected with online.
Cons:
- Blurred lines between authority and friendship.
Relational Database Concepts and SQL Queries
Relational Algebra
Selection (σ): Horizontal tuples
Projection (π): Vertical tuples
Union Compatible: Same number of attributes, same domain, only unique tuples returned
- Union (∪): “or”, all
- Intersection (∩): “and”, similar
- Difference (-): “not”
Inner Joins
- Equijoin: Attribute used to join is repeated
- Natural Join: Gets rid of repeated attribute. Tuples without a matching attribute or null value are eliminated from the join result
Outer Joins
- Left Outer Join (LOJ): Keeps every tuple in the first or left
Absolute Monarchy in Europe: 15th to 18th Century
Absolutism was a political system that prevailed in Europe, originating in the France of Louis XIV. It was established virtually throughout the continent in the 17th and 18th centuries, constituting the so-called “Old Regime.”
Absolutism asserted that all power should be concentrated in the hands of the king, who held it fully and absolutely. It was believed that the king received power directly from God, so no one could oppose his will (the Theory of Divine Right of Kings).
There were strong advocates
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