Cyber Technology, Network Security, Cyber Law and Cryptography
Cyber Technology: Definition and Components
Definition
Cyber technology refers to the use of computer systems, networks, software, and the Internet to create, store, process, transmit, and protect digital information. It forms the technological foundation of activities performed in cyberspace.
Explanation
Cyber technology enables communication, data sharing, online services, and digital transactions over interconnected networks. It supports modern applications such as e-commerce, e-governance, online
Read MoreMedieval Castilian Literature: Epics, Lyric and Theater
Medieval Castilian Literature (SXI–SXV)
SXI–SXIII
Narrative
The minstrels, with epics, unveil the lives of heroes who stand out for their courage and bravery. The Cantar de Mio Cid is a sample of these epics in verse.
Mester de clerecía: told in verse are lives of saints and praises to the Virgin. Gonzalo de Berceo is a representative author of this tradition.
Prose
The first manifestations of prose open a new field of literature: historiography. Alfonso X, “the Wise,” is a key figure in this development.
Read MoreMercantilism and Modern Economic Nationalism
Modern economic nationalism is strongly influenced by the main ideas of mercantilism. Mercantilism sees the international economy as a competitive space where states seek power, security, and independence. Economic activity is not mainly about efficiency or cooperation, but about strengthening the nation-state and protecting national interests.
Zero-Sum View of International Trade
A central mercantilist idea that feeds modern economic nationalism is the belief that international trade is a zero-sum
Read MoreWilfred Owen: The Human Cost of War in WWI Poetry
Introduction
Give an introduction.
Wilfred Owen’s poetry provides a deep and frank understanding of the human cost of war. During World War I, he revealed the psychological, emotional, and physical torments that soldiers endured in On My Songs, Dulce et Decorum Est, Anthem for Doomed Youth, and Exposure. Owen debunks romantic notions of heroism and patriotism while capturing the horror of the battlefield through his deft use of imagery, metaphor, repetition, and historical allusions. Readers of his
Read MoreEvolution of Computing: From Mainframes to Cloud Systems
Phases of Computing Evolution
Mainframe Architecture
Definition: Mainframe architecture is a centralized computing model where a large, powerful computer performs all processing, and users access it through dumb terminals.
Key Points:
- Expensive and large-scale systems
- Introduction of time-sharing
- Dumb terminals with no independent processing power
Client–Server Computing
Definition: Client–server computing is a model where client machines perform some processing while servers handle centralized services
Read MoreComputer Generations: Technological Advancements Explained
Terminal Question 1: Explain the Evolution of Computers
Introduction
The evolution of computers refers to the systematic development of computing devices from simple mechanical calculating machines to highly advanced electronic and intelligent systems. Early computers were massive in size, extremely expensive, consumed large amounts of electricity, and were limited in functionality. With continuous technological advancements, computers have become compact, powerful, efficient, and capable of performing
Read MoreFundamental Economic Concepts: Scarcity, Money, and Systems
What is Economics?
Economics is fundamentally about choices. We face unlimited wants but possess limited resources (such as money, time, and materials). Economics studies how people utilize what they have to obtain what they need or desire.
Needs Versus Wants
- Needs: Essential for survival (e.g., food, water, clothing).
- Wants: Desirable but not necessary for survival (e.g., an iPhone, a car, a vacation).
Scarcity and the Economic Problem
Scarcity means there are not enough resources for everyone. Because
Cell Division and Species Variation: Genetics Fundamentals
Reproductive Strategies
Reproductive Strategies
- Asexual Reproduction: A single parent organism produces offspring by making genetically identical copies of itself.
- Sexual Reproduction: Two parent organisms combine genetic material to produce similar but genetically unique offspring.
Asexual Reproduction
- Requires less energy.
- Needs only one parent.
- All organisms are able to reproduce, passing on 100% of their genetic material.
- One organism may begin an entire population.
- Offspring are exact replicas of the
Indus Valley Civilization: Architecture & Urban Planning
(c. 2600 BCE – 1900 BCE)
The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world’s earliest and most advanced urban civilizations. It developed along the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day India and Pakistan. Architecturally, it is known for scientific town planning, standardized construction, and advanced civic infrastructure.
1. Geographical Extent
Spread across northwestern India and Pakistan.
- Major river systems: Indus, Ravi, Chenab, Ghaggar-Hakra
- Important sites:
- Harappa
- Mohenjo-daro
- Dholavira
- Lothal
- Kalibangan
- Rakhigarhi
2.
Read MoreIndian Economic Development and Policy Frameworks
Black Money in India
Black money refers to income or wealth that is earned through illegal means or is unreported and untaxed. In India, black money is a significant issue, often linked to corruption, tax evasion, and illicit activities. It is typically held in cash or offshore accounts to avoid detection.
Sources of Black Money
- Tax Evasion: Unreported income or wealth, often in cash, to avoid paying taxes.
- Corruption: Bribes, kickbacks, and other forms of corruption.
- Illicit Activities: Income from