19th Century Realism: A Literary Movement
From Romanticism to Realism
During the second half of the nineteenth century, romantic aesthetics gave way to realism in three stages:
- 1830-1848: Romanticism remained dominant, but writers like Stendhal and Balzac began to describe environments more objectively.
- 1848 Onward: Realism gained prominence across Europe with authors like Flaubert (France), Dickens (England), Tolstoy and Dostoevsky (Russia), and Galdós (Spain).
- 1875 Onward: Realism evolved into naturalism, championed by Zola, though the lines
San Manuel Bueno, Martyr: A Tale of Faith and Illusion
San Manuel Bueno, Martyr: Structure
Narration and Narrative Technique
The narrative employs the “found manuscript” technique, reminiscent of Cervantes, creating a split between the author (Unamuno) and the reader. The story unfolds from Angela’s perspective.
External Structure
The novel comprises 25 sequences. The first 24 narrate Angela’s story, while the last serves as an epilogue by the author.
Internal Structure
The story unfolds in three parts, followed by the author’s epilogue:
- Sequences 1-8: Preliminary
Spanish Literature: From La Celestina to the Renaissance
La Celestina (1499)
Published in Burgos
This work, containing 21 acts, was written by Fernando de Rojas. The dramatic action is divided into a prologue and two parts: the first up to Act XIV and the second from Act XV onwards.
Characters
The characters are unique creations:
- Calisto: Dominated by the passion of love, he is portrayed as melancholic and withdrawn at times, and exalted and angry at others. He is insecure, lazy, egotistical, and amoral.
- Melibea: Initially rejects Calisto, but later gives herself
The Spanish Novecentismo and Notable Essayists
5 Pío Baroja
The great novelist Pío Baroja (1872-1956) cultivated various literary forms, but his novels stand out as the primary vehicle for his aesthetic and political ideas. In works like The Tree of Knowledge and Caesar or Nothing, he presents a critical view of the Spanish nation, advocating for its Europeanization while preserving its unique identity.
Essays and Reports
Baroja’s essays, including The Platform of Harlequin (1904), New Table of Harlequin (1917), and Youth, Egomania (1917), reveal
Read MorePost-Civil War Spanish Literature: Poetry and Prose
Poetry
The Poetry of War (1940s)
After the Spanish Civil War, a group of young poets known as the “Generation of 1936” or the “Escorial Group” emerged. Their poetry, published in magazines like Escorial (1940) and Garcilaso (1943), aligned with the imperialist and epic ideals of the victors. This style was characterized by heroic and religious themes, classical meters, and traditional stanzas. Key figures included Luis Rosales, Luis Felipe Vivanco, Leopoldo Panero, and Dionisio Ridruejo.
In 1944, Dámaso
Read MoreAccounting Principles and Business Obligations for Companies
Accounting Concepts
Definition
Accounting is the science that studies and analyzes the economic resources and their movements within a company.
Key Terms
- Heritage: Includes property, rights, debts, and obligations.
- Assets: Property and rights.
- Liabilities: Debts and obligations.
- Inventory: Detailed list of a company’s assets and liabilities.
- Journal: A chronological record of financial transactions.
- Ledger: A collection of accounts that summarize financial transactions.
- Book of Accounts: Includes inventory,
18th Century Novel: Evolution, Subgenres, Key Authors & Characteristics
18th Century Novel: Evolution, Subgenres, and Key Authors
Developments in Novelistic Form
The 18th century saw several key developments in the novel:
- Epistolary Novels: These novels, based on fictional letters exchanged between characters, often intersected with historical figures.
- Autobiographical Novels: Some authors wrote fictional autobiographies, while others documented their own lives in a style approaching the novelistic.
Emergence of Subgenres
Several subgenres emerged during this period:
- Travel
20th-Century Spanish Literature: Poetry, Theater, and Social Commentary
Poetry of the 1940s
During the 1940s, Spanish poetry was dominated by expressions of religious and existential concerns. Post-war poetry began with two books published in 1944: Sons of Anger by Dámaso Alonso and Shadow of Paradise by Vicente Aleixandre. These works paved the way for younger poets like Blas de Otero (Angel Fierce Roll of Consciousness). These books reflect a pessimistic and anxious worldview, where a cruel and arbitrary God governs a meaningless, chaotic world. They express deep
Read MoreUnderstanding Filiation: A Guide to Parent-Child Legal Relationships
Understanding Filiation
Defining Filiation
Filiation is the legal relationship between a parent and child, establishing their rights and duties. This relationship can exist between a child and two parents of the opposite sex, or in cases of adoption. Key principles governing filiation include the equality of children, their protection, investigation of paternity, and the duty of assistance to younger children.
Types of Filiation
Filiation can be established through various means:
- Natural Filiation: This
18th and 19th Century Literature: Enlightenment and Romanticism
1. The Enlightenment
General Introduction
The Enlightenment
The 18th century, often called the Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason, was significantly influenced by British empiricism—the view that experience could give rise to theoretical values. David Hume, a representative of philosophical rationalism founded on empirical grounds, awakened a current of admiration in France, initiated by Voltaire.
The Enlightenment is characterized by a blend of intellectualism and empiricism. It gave rise to the
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