Fiber Optics in Communication: Advantages, Applications, and Technology
Fiber Optics
To surf the internet, you need more than just a computer, a modem, and software; patience is also key. Cyberspace can be slow. Users may wait minutes for a page to load or hours to download a program.
This slowness is because phone lines—how most of the 50 million users connect to the internet—were not designed to carry the volume of video, graphics, and text that travels across the network.
However, phone lines are not the only way to access cyberspace. Fiber optic internet service
Read MoreElectrical Distribution Networks: Aerial and Underground Systems
1. Definition and Types of Distribution Networks
A distribution network, whether public or private, distributes electric power. It’s defined by the voltage between a phase conductor and earth or between two phase conductors for directly grounded facilities, and by the voltage between two phase conductors for facilities not directly linked to ground.
2. BT Airline Installation Methods
- Installed on facades or walls.
- Installed on supports.
- Stretched over supports.
- Stretched on walls.
3. Common BT Airline
Read MorePneumatic Systems: Components, Operation, and Maintenance
Item 4: Spare Tire and Circuits
1. Pneumatics and Compressed Air
Pneumatics studies the movement of air under pressure or vacuum. Since 1950, its industrial application began with automation and rationalization. Basic pneumatic circuits consist of: Compressor-Air Tank-Pipes-Maintenance Unit-Quick Connectors-Pressure Hose-Actuator (motor, cylinder, blow gun).
Properties:
- Inexpensive
- Air is easily transported and can expel foreign matter
- Pressure tanks can store energy
- Less sensitive to temperature variations
Technical Drawing Fundamentals and Materials for Automotive Body Construction
Technical Drawing
Technical drawing is the graphical representation of a piece, clear, correct, and accurate on paper. Every drawing technician should:
- Be sufficiently clear so as not to give rise to equivocal shapes, dimensions, and other characteristics.
- Not accumulate unnecessary data.
Drawing Classes
- Sketch drawings of conception
- Custom defined drawings/manufacturing drawings
Dimensioning (Cota)
Indicates the actual dimensions. Dimensional cota is expressed by its direct reading and not deducted from
Read MoreSignal Attenuation and Transmission Media in Communication Systems
Attenuation of Course (I)
Fundamental physical limitation. Depends on:
- Distance and frequency of the transceiver
The signal loss due to distance is exponential, not linear. To establish a linear relationship between losses and gains, we change the unit to decibels (dB), allowing us to add them.
The parameters that influence attenuation are:
- d (distance between transmitter and receiver)
- λ (wavelength)
The wavelength depends on:
- c (speed of transmission channel – air: 300,000 km/s)
- f (frequency of transmission)
Force, Structures, and Mechanisms in Physics
Force, Structures, and Mechanisms
Force
Force is anything that can deform a body or alter its state of motion or rest.
Structures
Structures are elements within a body that support the effects of forces, preventing deformation or breakage. There are two types:
- Natural Structures: Those not involving human intervention.
- Artificial Structures: Created by humans.
Loads
Loads are the forces acting on a structure. There are two types:
- Permanent Loads: Do not change over time.
- Variable Loads: Do not maintain