Realism and Naturalism (1850-1900)
Historical and Cultural Framework in Europe
Compared to the Romantic era, key changes include:
- The bourgeoisie solidified as the ruling class, shifting towards conservative positions due to their practicality and focus on reality.
- The working class struggled to improve their living conditions.
- Liberalism, both moderate and progressive, remained dominant. Revolutionary doctrines like socialism, communism, and anarchism (Marx’s Communist Manifesto: 1848) gained traction among workers.
- Positivism challenged
Textual Cohesion and Coherence: A Comprehensive Guide
Textual Cohesion and Coherence
Consistency
Consistency is the fundamental property of a text that allows it to be viewed as a communicative unit. It’s the ability to form a unitary whole where all parts work together effectively. A text is coherent when the information revolves around a central idea (topic) and aligns with the speaker’s communicative intention. This means the information doesn’t violate universal norms of human knowledge (our understanding of the world), fits the communicative situation,
Read MoreJournalistic Genres and Opinion Articles
Journalistic Genres
Informative vs. Opinion Genres
Journalistic genres channel information and offer different approaches to reality. Each genre presents a unique interpretation.
Informative Genres
- News: The prototypical informative genre, answering the basic questions: Why? Who? Where? When? How many times? According to whom? What is the background?
- Reportage: Allows a more personal style, exploring causes, environment, and impact of events through direct information gathering.
- Chronicle: A blend of
The Guarani People and Their Language
The Guarani People
The Guarani are a group of South American indigenous peoples. They primarily inhabit northeastern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones, Formosa, and part of Chaco), southern and southwestern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Mato Grosso do Sul), most of Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and Uruguay. Although their name is associated with their current territory, the Guarani did not originally live in the Pampas region like the Charrúa, Chaná, Arachán, and Tapes
Intertextuality and Textual Strategies
Intertextuality
Intertextuality refers to the relationship a text establishes with other cultural or literary texts. According to Todorov, no text exists in isolation, and this interconnectedness is crucial. Themes, expressions, structural and stylistic features from other texts are incorporated into a new work through various means, including:
- Direct quotations
- Allusions
- Parodies (a comedic deconstruction of an established model)
- Polemics (a discussion, often hidden or indirect, that challenges another’
State, Public Administration & Management in Chile: An Overview
State, Public Administration & Management in Chile: An Overview
Solemn II Questionnaire
1. What is meant by State Entrepreneur? Develop its evolution in Chile since the early 1930s.
From 1938-1939, the Chilean state developed a capacity for state-led production, leading national economic efforts within an Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) framework.
- The State grew by aggregation.
- Factors of production included capital, land, labor, and information technology. The state produced based on