History of Deaf Culture and Education in America
Citizenship and Education: The Black Deaf Community
Key Constitutional Amendments
- 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery.
- 14th Amendment (1868): Defined citizenship.
- 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited voting discrimination based on race.
Education Barriers for Black Deaf Americans
- Slavery laws prohibited education for Black Americans, including Black Deaf individuals.
- Post-Civil War, separate schools for Black Deaf students emerged, often inferior in resources compared to White Deaf schools.
- Desegregation:
Ireland’s Transformation: Language Revival and Economic Globalization
The Irish Language: Identity, History, and Revival
Language is one of the most important parts of any culture. It is not only a way to communicate but also a symbol of community, identity, and history. For the Irish people, the Irish language (Gaeilge) represents a deep connection with their past and their national identity. However, over time, the position of Irish has changed, and today it faces both challenges and opportunities for revival.
Defining Language and Its Cultural Role
Language is fundamental
Read MoreRedefining Freedom: The American Progressive Era (1900-1917)
The Progressive Era’s Challenge to the Gilded Age
The Progressive Era, spanning roughly from 1900 to 1917, emerged as a multifaceted reform movement challenging the perceived excesses of the Gilded Age, particularly rapid industrialization, the overwhelming power of corporations, and rampant class conflict. Unlike previous movements, Progressives advocated for government interventionism, believing that government entities must actively step in to restore order and protect genuine freedom. While not
Read MoreThe Establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, 1931
The End of the Monarchy (1930–1931)
Following the resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930, King Alfonso XIII commissioned Dámaso Berenguer to form a new government.
The 1930 Pact of San Sebastián: This agreement aimed to create a provisional government, convene a Constituent Assembly, adopt a new constitution, and establish a new statute of autonomy for Catalonia. The ultimate goal was to overthrow the monarchy and declare a republic.
An attempted uprising by Republican army units and a planned
Read MoreIrish Language Decline & Ireland’s Globalization Success
The Irish Language: History, Decline, and Revival
1. Defining Language
Language is the primary means of communication with which people express their ideas, feelings, and information. It is not only speaking; it also creates a sense of identity (group cohesion) and serves as historical memory. It is a factor that differentiates people.
2. What is Irish (Gaeilge)?
Irish is a Celtic language, part of the group that includes Scots Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Manx, and Cornish. It belongs to the larger Indo-
Read MoreThe Foundations of Modern Spain: Nationalism, Labor, and the Restoration System
Batzokija: Foundational Statutes of Basque Nationalism
Location and Classification
This document is a historical primary source authored by the Arana brothers, Sabino and Luis, though Article 2 of the statutes credits only Sabino. Addressed to the members of the *Euskeldun Batzokija* association, it establishes the group’s foundational ideas and purpose. Published in the nationalist newspaper *Bizkaitarra*, these statutes mark the ideological and organizational beginnings of Basque nationalism,
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