EU Allocation of Competences
Allocation of Competences in the European Union
The System of Powers
The European Union operates based on the principle of conferred powers. This means the EU can only act within the limits of the powers granted to it by the Treaties. Member States retain national jurisdiction unless it’s explicitly transferred to the EU. This transfer must be specific, outlining both the substantive scope and the courses of action permitted.
Principle of Authority
The EU must have a specific legal basis for its actions,
Read MoreUnderstanding the State: A Deep Dive
The State
A state is a set of institutions created to organize the life and activity of people living in the same territory, governed by the same laws under the same power.
The Territory
A state’s territory is typically well-defined by borders, distinguishing it from other states and territories. Beyond these borders, a state cannot exert its power or enforce its laws.
The Population
People living within a state’s territory are subject to its power and laws. They have a number of rights and obligations
Read MoreNeoclassical Theory in Economics and Administration
Neoclassicism
Origins and Evolution
The term Neoclassicism first appeared in the 18th century as a derogatory term for the aesthetic movement reflecting Enlightenment principles. These principles, originating in mid-18th-century philosophy, spread across various cultural domains. However, after Napoleon’s downfall, artists shifted towards Romanticism, leaving Neoclassicism behind.
Neoclassical Economics
In economics and political science, neo-classical or neoclassical economics refers to an economic
Read MoreUnderstanding Political Geography: States, Functions, and International Relations
1. The State
Definition
The state is the top political and administrative unit that governs a territory. Its authority applies to all its inhabitants.
Key Aspects
Territory
Every state has a territory over which it exercises its power. This territory is defined by borders that separate it from other states.
Population
The population living within a state’s territory comprises its citizens. Citizens have rights that the state must respect, but also obligations such as paying taxes.
State Power
To regulate
Read MoreMarx’s Philosophy: Historical Context, Core Concepts, and Relevance
1. Historical-Cultural Context of Marx and Philosophical Influences
The 19th century witnessed significant events shaping Marx’s thought. The French Revolution abolished the old regime, leading to bourgeois dominance. Following Napoleon’s defeat, the Restoration ushered in liberalism and civil-political rights.
Economically, capitalism and the Industrial Revolution emerged, bringing wealth but also proletarian misery. Politically, European imperialism conquered parts of Asia and Africa. Scientific
Read MoreEvolution of the Welfare State: From Formal to Material Rights
Formal Rights and the Need for Material Equality
The liberal state is characterized by formal equality before the law, meaning one law for all. However, this is insufficient; we must transition from formal to substantive rights, ensuring a minimum standard of living for all citizens. Personal rights and political participation are meaningful only if these material preconditions exist. Social constitutionalism aims to prevent the exploitation of disadvantaged classes, a consequence of the Industrial
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