Psychology: Culture, Emotions, Brain, and Attraction
Cultural Psychology
We understand culture as the information stored in the brain and acquired by social learning. It is the interpretive framework of each community, transmitted to future generations. Cultural psychology acknowledges the importance of positive science but rejects the idea that empirical reality is the sole criterion for validating knowledge. This psychology is based on culture and deals with interpretation. Unlike the positive sciences, which investigate the real, cultural psychologists
Read MoreOperant Conditioning: Principles and Applications
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Operant conditioning is a learning process where behavior is controlled by consequences. The behavior is instrumental in achieving a desired outcome or reward.
Comparison with Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, learning occurs through association (stimulus-response). In operant conditioning, learning occurs through consequences. Reinforcement in classical conditioning is independent of the subject’s behavior, while in operant conditioning, reinforcement
Read MoreResearch Methods in Developmental Psychology & Education
1. Inductive vs. Deductive Methods
Inductive Method
Inductive inference involves moving from particular observations of phenomena to universal statements that form a theory. It works from the specific to the general, and from data to theory. Inductive scientists believe abstract theories are valid only when derived from empirical data, arguing that preconceived ideas can distort research objectivity.
Stages of an inductive investigation:
- Data collection through observation and recording of phenomena
Effective Fieldwork Organization and Management
Organization and Management of Field Work
Recruitment
Employment Agencies
- Schools, colleges
- Universities
Notices in local newspapers
Selection
Application Form
- Collect the necessary background.
- Sample of writing and ability to follow instructions
Personal Interview
- Although the effectiveness is lacking, it is useful when managers prefer to form their own impression of the applicants.
Psychological Tests
- An intelligence test can serve as a first pre-screening mechanism. Example: verbal intelligence test
References
- Letters
Understanding Family Structures, Functions, Life Cycle, and Crisis Management
The Family: Structures and Definitions
The Family: A group with common ancestry, united by blood, marriage, or cohabitation. This includes married couples with or without children, unmarried couples with children, single-parent families, and even groups living together without kinship.
Sociologically: Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption, living together. A family is a group responsible for raising children and meeting other human needs.
Family Types
Normal: A family sharing a
Read MoreMotor Tasks, SEN, and Curriculum Diversification in Education
Motor Tasks
Structure, determined by the objective of the task, action to take, and conditioning of the medium: Tasks not defined (1-no, 2-defined factor is only defined medium + slogans, 3-half scan), tasks semidefinite (1-defines the purpose, 2-defining the objective and the environment) and defined tasks (1-definition of the environment and action to take, 2-define all factors).
Nature: Define the type or level of energy sources required and mobilized to carry out the task: bioenergetics (functional
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