Branches of Psychology and Key Concepts
Forensic Psychology
Handles necessary expertise in trials, prepares prisoners for reintegration into society, advises and assists families of inmates, and diagnoses and controls the admission and discharge of internees.
Evolutionary Psychology
Provides research data for application in various fields, studying the features of each developmental stage, especially in children and adolescents.
Social Psychology
Studies interactions between individuals and groups according to different psychological and social
Read MoreEarly Childhood Development: Language, Literacy, and Play
Early Literacy Skills:
- Print Motivation: A child’s interest in and enjoyment of books.
- Phonological Awareness: The ability to hear and play with the smaller sounds in words.
- Narrative Skills: The ability to describe things and events and tell stories.
- Vocabulary: Knowing the names of things.
- Print Awareness: Noticing print, knowing how to handle a book, and how to follow the written words on pages.
- Letter Knowledge: Learning to name letters, knowing they have sounds, and recognizing them.
Symbolic Thought
Read MorePsychology: Culture, Emotions, Brain, and Attraction
Cultural Psychology
We understand culture as the information stored in the brain and acquired by social learning. It is the interpretive framework of each community, transmitted to future generations. Cultural psychology acknowledges the importance of positive science but rejects the idea that empirical reality is the sole criterion for validating knowledge. This psychology is based on culture and deals with interpretation. Unlike the positive sciences, which investigate the real, cultural psychologists
Read MoreOperant Conditioning: Principles and Applications
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Operant conditioning is a learning process where behavior is controlled by consequences. The behavior is instrumental in achieving a desired outcome or reward.
Comparison with Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, learning occurs through association (stimulus-response). In operant conditioning, learning occurs through consequences. Reinforcement in classical conditioning is independent of the subject’s behavior, while in operant conditioning, reinforcement
Read MoreResearch Methods in Developmental Psychology & Education
1. Inductive vs. Deductive Methods
Inductive Method
Inductive inference involves moving from particular observations of phenomena to universal statements that form a theory. It works from the specific to the general, and from data to theory. Inductive scientists believe abstract theories are valid only when derived from empirical data, arguing that preconceived ideas can distort research objectivity.
Stages of an inductive investigation:
- Data collection through observation and recording of phenomena
Effective Fieldwork Organization and Management
Organization and Management of Field Work
Recruitment
Employment Agencies
- Schools, colleges
- Universities
Notices in local newspapers
Selection
Application Form
- Collect the necessary background.
- Sample of writing and ability to follow instructions
Personal Interview
- Although the effectiveness is lacking, it is useful when managers prefer to form their own impression of the applicants.
Psychological Tests
- An intelligence test can serve as a first pre-screening mechanism. Example: verbal intelligence test
References
- Letters