Understanding Behaviorism, Transactional Analysis, and Pragmatic Truth
Behaviorism
Developed by Russian neurologist Ivan Pavlov, behaviorism, initially termed “psychic secretion,” explains how responses, like salivation in dogs, can be triggered by stimuli unrelated to the original stimulus (e.g., food) through association in time and space.
Conditioned Response
This learned response, not innate, is acquired through contiguity. For example, a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) because it has been repeatedly paired with food (unconditioned
Read MorePersonality Disorders: A Psychoanalytic Perspective
Organization Psychotic
Schizoid
Fixation at the separation-individuation phase. Division between object relations into good and bad. Impoverishment of interpersonal relationships. Replacement of relationships with a fantasy life. Social withdrawal. Apparent lack of affects, resulting in an empty affective experience and interpersonal life.
Borderline
Impulsive interpersonal interactions. Intrapsychic life is acted out in interpersonal patterns, often replaced by impulsive and repetitive behaviors. Intensity
Read MoreUnderstanding Societies: From Agricultural to Modern
The Agricultural Society
Transition and Adaptation
The shift to agricultural societies was driven by significant environmental changes that forced humans to find new solutions and resources. The depletion of game and increasing populations led to the exploration of cultivation and the domestication of various animal species. This new way of life resulted in a novel economic system characterized by accumulation, redistribution, and control. Production intensified, leading to the potential for surpluses,
Read MoreSocialization: The Process of Integration and Societal Harmony
Socialization: Integrating into Society
Living in society requires training to meet its expectations. This process, known as socialization in sociology, involves internalizing social conventions. Sociability is the inclination to live with others, sharing not just territory, but also responsibility and work to ensure the survival of each member and the group.
Characteristics of Human Beings
- Indeterminacy
- Long period of immaturity
- Lack of remarkable physical qualities
Possible Explanations for Relationships
- Aggressiveness
Human & Artificial Intelligence: Exploring the Mind
Human Intelligence
Perception
Perception is the awareness of information gathered through our senses.
Memory
Memory is the capacity to recall the past. It preserves and reproduces past states of consciousness, recognized as having been lived. For example, remembering a weekend trip to the cinema involves recognizing the experience as something personally lived.
- Theory of Disuse: Unused neural connections weaken over time.
- Theory of Interference: Events occurring between learning and recall can hinder
The Human Mind: A Philosophical and Cognitive Exploration
Unit 6: Exploring the Human Mind
Degrees of Reality
Shared Realities
- Physico-chemical: This fundamental level of matter, composed of atoms like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon, affects all beings. Humans, as material beings, participate in this level.
- Biological: This level encompasses the cycle of life, from birth to death, and reproduction. Humans, as living beings, are subject to these biological processes.
- Neurological: This level pertains to the nervous system and brain functions, impacting