Test Validity and Reliability
True or False
V The validity coefficient cannot be higher than the index of reliability.
V The validity coefficient is affected by the reliability of the criterion.
F The standard error of estimate is the difference between obtained and predicted scores.
F The coefficient of validity is an indicator of the stability of scores.
F The validity coefficient of a test is independent of the homogeneity of the sample.
F The validity coefficient expresses the correlation between two parallel forms of a test.
V
Read MoreOperant & Instrumental Conditioning in Education
Operant and Instrumental Conditioning: Impact on Education
Introduction
Initially proposed by Thorndike, instrumental and operant conditioning have significantly impacted educational practices. These theories explore how individuals learn through the consequences of their actions.
Key Concepts
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
This law posits that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.
Operant
Read MoreSociological Perspectives on the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Gender Equality: Achieving SDG 5
The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 5 focuses on gender equality, emphasizing that women’s rights are human rights and that achieving gender equality is crucial for a fair and peaceful society. Women across the globe face disproportionate levels of discrimination, violence, and unequal opportunities. Sociological knowledge can provide insights into understanding how gender is constructed and how societal norms cause gender inequality.
Sociology posits
Read MoreSocietal Norms and Inequalities: A Sociological Analysis of Family, Gender, and Incarceration
Societal Norms and Inequalities
A Sociological Analysis of Family, Gender, and Incarceration
Article Reviews
This paper reviews the following articles: How History and Sociology Can Help Today’s Families by Stephanie Coontz, An American Seduction: Portrait of a Prison Town by Joelle Boswell, and Fraternities and Collegiate Rape Culture: Why Are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women? by Ayres Fraser.
An American Seduction by Joelle Boswell
Boswell’s article explores various sociological
Read MoreIntroduction to Psychology
1. Introduction to Psychology
1.1 What is Psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
1.2 Psychology as a Science
Psychology is a science because it employs the scientific method.
1.3 Cognitive Theory of Motivation
The cognitive theory of motivation explains behavior based on human thought processes and how we interpret events.
1.4 Behavioral Conflicts
Conflicts that can cause a clash in our behavior include: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance,
Read MoreChild Development (4-6 Years): A Guide to Physical, Cognitive, and Social Milestones
Child Development (4-6 Years)
Physical and Emotional Development
Separation Anxiety and Attachment
Children in this age range can generally tolerate longer separations from their caregivers. However, illness or stress can sometimes cause regression, increasing their need for the presence of attachment figures to manage anxiety. It’s important to be sensitive to these needs and provide reassurance and support.
Body Awareness
This developmental period is marked by a growing awareness of their bodies.
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