Understanding Organizational Behavior: Individuals, Groups, and Structure
Organizational Behavior: An Overview
Organizational behavior studies how individuals, groups, and the environment influence behavior within organizations to improve business efficiency. Adapting to individual differences is crucial for achieving organizational success.
Defining Organizational Behavior
Several authors have defined organizational behavior:
- Stephen Robbins (1998): “A field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behavior within organizations to
Human Behavior and Mental Phenomena
1. Introduction to Behavior and Consciousness
1.1 Behavior
Behavior is the individual’s reaction to reality. It encompasses mental processes and states, giving continuity and identity to individuals.
1.2 Intentionality and Intimacy
Intentionality is the property of mental states (beliefs, memories, desires) to refer to something. This distinguishes mental states from other states.
Intimacy refers to the direct accessibility of mental states to the subject.
1.3 Consciousness and Self-Awareness
Consciousness
Read MoreClassical Conditioning: Key Concepts and Techniques
Chapter 3: Learning Associations
Learning Object
Learn associations between different elements of an object stimulus.
Key Concepts and Techniques
Autoshaping
A variation of signal tracking.
Short Delay Conditioning
A classical conditioning technique where the conditioned stimulus (CS) begins shortly before the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Trace Conditioning
A classical conditioning technique where the US is presented after a brief period following the CS.
Inhibitory Conditioning
A classical conditioning technique
Read MoreFreud’s Psychosexual Stages & Ego Defense Mechanisms
Stages of Personality Development
Freud proposed that personality development progresses through several psychosexual stages. In each stage, libidinal energy focuses on a particular area. Successful progression leads to mature adult expression of this energy. However, excessive frustration or gratification can cause fixation, hindering adult development.
The Oral Stage
From birth to age two, libidinal energy centers on oral activities like feeding. Fixation can lead to high levels of oral activity
Read MoreAdolescent Development: A Guide to Physical, Cognitive, and Social Changes
Adolescent Development
Physical Development
Pre-Puberty
Hormonal Changes: Onset of secondary sexual characteristics (hair, breasts).
Puberty
Primary Sexual Characteristics: Development of fertility and body harmony.
Adolescence
Consolidation of previous characteristics.
Psychosexual Development
Pre-Puberty
Appearance of sexual impulses and dissociation of love and sex.
Adolescence
Integration of love and sex, and achievement of heterosexual identity.
Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Pre-Conventional (Pre-School)
Obedience
Read MoreSocial Reaction and Deviant Labeling: A Critical Analysis
Social Reaction and the Labeling of Deviance
The Focus of Social Reaction or Labeling Theory
Rejecting genetic, psychological, or multifactorial explanations of crime and deviance, labeling theory emphasizes the social construction of deviance. This perspective highlights the relative nature of social norms and the impact of labels applied to those who violate them. What is deviant for one person may not be for another, and what is considered deviant in one context may not be in another.
Labeling
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