Hidden Curriculum in Physical Education: Gender Stereotypes and Equality

What is the Hidden Curriculum?

  • It highlights major differences with the official curriculum.

Joint experiences unofficial, undeclared unintended (hidden). Expressed in the values, attitudes and beliefs (“pedagogy implicit”).

It differs from the official curriculum in which the latter is formalized, clear and explicit. It is a manifesto of objectives, evaluation criteria and content.

Hidden Curriculum Load in Physical Education

  • Why do we say that the contents of our subject have much “load” of the hidden
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Understanding Human Emotions and Feelings: A Psychological Perspective

Emotions and Feelings

Emotions and feelings are important in assessing and judging one’s emotional life. They are affective states produced by humans, belonging to the experiential-affective domain in their appearance and expression.

Emotions

Emotions begin to emerge from the 3rd quarter IUD. Excitement arises suddenly and abruptly. It is instinctive and innate, not learned. However, it is acquired through complex learning processes within a culture and the incorporation of personal experiences.

Emotion

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Stress and Crisis: Decision-Making Under Pressure

Item 1. Stress. Lack of fit between the person and their environment; an overall response of the organism to internal or external demands that are threatening, consisting basically in a mobilization of physiological and psychological resources to cope with such demands. The Fear Factor

  • Fear: A usually unpleasant sensation, a normal response to real danger.
  • Anxiety: An emotion similar to fear, but without objectively real danger.
  • Phobia: A fear far beyond reasonable precaution, inexplicable and uncontrollable,
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Cognitive Biases & Neuromarketing: Understanding Consumer Behavior

Cognitive Miserliness: Understanding Mental Efficiency

The brain, often described as a “miser,” prioritizes efficiency in processing information. It conserves mental energy by using shortcuts and simple rules for quick decision-making, rather than analyzing every detail.

Strategies of Cognitive Miserliness

  1. Efficiency: The brain uses shortcuts for rapid judgments, prioritizing speed over deep thinking. This allows for quick reactions based on first impressions rather than extensive analysis.
  2. Novelty:
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Pedagogical Models and Learning Approaches in Education

1. The “Normative” Model (Content-Focused)

This model centers on transmitting knowledge to students. Pedagogy is the art of communicating this knowledge effectively.

  • The teacher demonstrates concepts and provides examples.
  • The student listens attentively, imitates, practices, and applies the knowledge.

Learning is structured and complete. Recognized methods include dogmatic (rule application) and maieutic (question/answer) approaches.

2. The “Incentive” Model (Student-Centered)

This model prioritizes

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Branches of Psychology and Key Concepts

Forensic Psychology

Handles necessary expertise in trials, prepares prisoners for reintegration into society, advises and assists families of inmates, and diagnoses and controls the admission and discharge of internees.

Evolutionary Psychology

Provides research data for application in various fields, studying the features of each developmental stage, especially in children and adolescents.

Social Psychology

Studies interactions between individuals and groups according to different psychological and social

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