Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement and Punishment Explained
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement consists of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by the presentation of a stimulus, e.g., a prize. It is also called reward conditioning.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement involves increasing the probability of conduct by the removal of an aversive stimulus when it is done. It is also called escape conditioning. It is often combined with classical conditioning in the case of phobias, e.g., studying hard for an exam rather than submitting
Read MoreExam 2: Animal Behavior Multiple Choice & Short Answers
Exam 2: Animal Behavior Answers
Multiple Choice Answers:
- TRUE: Japanese macaque monkeys are the primate with the northernmost range other than humans.
- TRUE: Pronghorn are the fastest land animal in North America.
- FALSE: Secondary sexual characteristics of animals would include the testes and the ovaries.
- TRUE: The black Grouse is a boreal species that lives in Eurasian Spruce bogs and forms leks.
- FALSE: It is the horns; the most common indicator that the Red Deer male uses to assess a rival male is the
Major Sociological Perspectives: Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist
Major Sociological Perspectives
The Functionalist Perspective
Infant Development Milestones: First Two Years
Infant Development: First Year Milestones
First Year: The child typically creeps, stands, and walks if they have the opportunity.
Around three months, the child sits with support. By six or seven months, they sit with help, and by nine months, they can sit for about ten minutes.
Creeping (first) and standing/walking (second) are key motor skills.
Standing and walking typically occur between nine and ten months. The child may stand with support around eleven months and stand alone with help around twelve
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Learning, Gender Theories, and Workplace Dynamics
Social Learning Theory
The theory depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation among personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior patterns.
Different Methods of Learning
- Tuition: Direct teaching
- Enactive experience: Experiencing the reactions one’s behavior evokes in others
- Modeling: Observing other people
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Emphasizes the ways that children learn gender-typed attitudes and behaviors through inference.
Gender self-socialization: Children’s biases to behave in
Read MoreFreud’s Economic Hypothesis: Drives and Instincts
Freud’s Economic Hypothesis
The term “economic” refers to Freud’s hypothesis that posits the existence of an energy that increases, decreases, moves, or is released and distributed by the places that constitute the human psyche, activating their different processes. An example of this energy in Freud’s view was observed in abrupt changes that occur in the intensity of the impulses and experiences (love, desire, fear, etc.) in neurotics.
He speaks of instinctive impulse to refer to these innate, primordial
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