Key Concepts in Masculinity Studies
1. Hegemonic Masculinity – R.W. Connell (1987, 1995)
Definition: A dominant form of masculinity that maintains male power and is considered the most socially valued. It legitimizes male dominance over women and other subordinate masculinities.
Example: In Western societies, the ideal of a strong, aggressive, heterosexual man (e.g., James Bond, elite athletes) represents hegemonic masculinity.
2. Fortifying Boundaries
Definition: The process of reinforcing social distinctions between groups, often
Read MoreUnderstanding Deviance, Social Control, and Stratification
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance: Any behavior or physical appearance that departs from the norms of a group and generates a negative reaction.
Social Control: Methods used to teach compliance and conformity.
Conformity: Behaviors and appearances that follow and maintain the norms of the group.
Violation of Norms
We have been socialized to accept norms. Norms provide order and stability, including folkways and mores.
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
Deviance is part of every society. Every society
Read MoreUnderstanding Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Processes
Understanding Memory: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval
Memory – the encoding, storage & retrieval of information.
- Encoding: Initial recording of information through senses & perception.
- Storage: Information stored in the brain for future use.
- Retrieval: Recovery of stored information.
Cognitive psychologists study the mind.
Three-Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, 1968)
ANNOTATE. p1s11
Sensory Memory: Lasts 3-4 seconds. Information not transferred is lost. It’s the initial momentary
Read MoreUnderstanding Attitudes and Aggression: Key Concepts
Understanding Attitudes
The concept of attitude is considered an internal disposition, learned and lasting, that holds the answers to a favorable or unfavorable object. When we report that we are communicating a certain attitude, we have feelings and pleasant or unpleasant thoughts about that object. Considering the structure of attitude as a single dimension (one-dimensional definition), we evaluate the attitude object in terms of positive or negative.
Other authors conceive the structure of attitude
Read MoreAdolescent Personality Development: Key Stages and Identity
Adolescent Personality Development
Personality development in adolescence is an integrated process. Personality refers to a set of interconnected behavioral systems, distinguished by individual differences in reactions and behaviors. The concept also relates to self-knowledge, interpersonal recognition, and the presentation of social identity. Personality is an evolutionary process, especially significant during adolescence, impacting various integrated systems.
From a psychological perspective, adolescence
Read MoreMotivation, Conflict, Negotiation, Stress & Recruitment
Motivation
Motivation: Is the process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
- Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Proposes that when extrinsic rewards, such as pay, are given to someone for performing an interesting task.
- Goal Setting Theory: A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
- Self-Efficacy Theory: An individual’s belief that he or she is capable