Understanding Psychosexual Development Stages
Psychosexual Development
The individual goes through different stages of evolution in which changes occur in themselves and their relationships with others. These are called stages of evolution of the libido; libido is the energy that corresponds to sexuality.
In these phases, the individual seeks various forms of sexual satisfaction and fantasies.
Latency Stage
It is a stage that is used in acquiring the necessary skills for life. They forget childhood sexual experiences, and this allows for schooling.
Read MorePsychological Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Understanding Psychological Abnormality
Abnormality emphasizes that psychological disorders exist on a spectrum, characterized by the 4 D’s:
- Dysfunction: Impairment in normal functioning.
- Distress: Emotional pain, suffering, or discomfort experienced by oneself or others.
- Deviance: Infrequent behaviors that deviate from societal norms.
- Dangerousness: Behaviors that result in harm to oneself or others.
Cultural Relativism: Norms and values are culturally specific; there are no universal standards for abnormality.
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Identity and Stratification
The Social Dimension
Personal identity allows us to recognize ourselves as individuals, while social identity allows us to share certain values with other persons. The protagonist of social identity are the characteristics we ascribe to groups. Several characteristics define a group:
- Interaction: Mutual members have regular relations within their internal structure.
- Awareness: Awareness of the group leads them to differentiate themselves from others.
- Shared Goals and Values: Existence of goals, values,
Key Concepts in Masculinity Studies
1. Hegemonic Masculinity – R.W. Connell (1987, 1995)
Definition: A dominant form of masculinity that maintains male power and is considered the most socially valued. It legitimizes male dominance over women and other subordinate masculinities.
Example: In Western societies, the ideal of a strong, aggressive, heterosexual man (e.g., James Bond, elite athletes) represents hegemonic masculinity.
2. Fortifying Boundaries
Definition: The process of reinforcing social distinctions between groups, often
Read MoreUnderstanding Deviance, Social Control, and Stratification
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance: Any behavior or physical appearance that departs from the norms of a group and generates a negative reaction.
Social Control: Methods used to teach compliance and conformity.
Conformity: Behaviors and appearances that follow and maintain the norms of the group.
Violation of Norms
We have been socialized to accept norms. Norms provide order and stability, including folkways and mores.
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
Deviance is part of every society. Every society
Read MoreUnderstanding Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Processes
Understanding Memory: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval
Memory – the encoding, storage & retrieval of information.
- Encoding: Initial recording of information through senses & perception.
- Storage: Information stored in the brain for future use.
- Retrieval: Recovery of stored information.
Cognitive psychologists study the mind.
Three-Stage Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, 1968)
ANNOTATE. p1s11
Sensory Memory: Lasts 3-4 seconds. Information not transferred is lost. It’s the initial momentary
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