Understanding Learning Disabilities: History and Approaches
Understanding Learning Disabilities: Historical Perspectives and Approaches
Early Diagnosis of Reading Errors
Monroe pioneered the systematic diagnosis of reading errors in children. Her diagnostic tests are still in use today.
Perceptual-Motor Processes and Learning
Marianne Frostig emphasized the importance of visual perception in learning. Her development test of visual perception assessed visual-motor coordination, figure-ground discrimination, shape recognition, and spatial positioning. Her program
Read MorePsychology Fundamentals: Theories, Methods, and Concepts
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychology
Roots of Psychology
Psyche + Logos: The term “psychology” comes from Greek, where “psyche” means soul or spirit, and “logos” refers to study or discourse. Early psychology focused on understanding the essence of human experience.
Study of breath, spirit, soul: In its earliest form, psychology was deeply connected to philosophy and spirituality, attempting to explain human consciousness and existence.
Philosophy + Physiology: The foundation of psychology emerged
National Crime Victimization Survey: Analysis and Trends
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in 1972 as an attempt to gather information about crimes not reported to the police, including rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, and motor-vehicle theft.
Unlike data derived from police reports, NCVS data comes from survey interviews.
The survey includes questions about both victims and offenders (race, age, educational level), as well as questions about the actual crime: time, place, weapons used,
Read MoreHuman Sexuality: Dimensions, Behaviors, and Development
Dimensions of Sexuality
- Biological: Encompasses the anatomical, physiological, and endocrine aspects that differentiate males and females.
- Psychological: Involves emotions, feelings, beliefs, and values. Personality, thoughts, desires, and identity are also key factors.
- Sociocultural and Ethics: Each society shapes the development and expression of sexuality, setting guidelines and values for these behaviors.
- Clinical: Issues such as anxiety or depression can cause psychological problems that impact
Personality Theories: Freud, Jung, and More
Personality Theories: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction: Understanding personality involves exploring various models and theories that attempt to explain human behavior and its underlying interrelationships.
Key Theoretical Perspectives
Different philosophical assumptions and methodologies lead to diverse explanations of personality development and change. Here’s a look at some fundamental theories:
- Psychodynamic Theories (Sigmund Freud): Emphasize the importance of the unconscious and internal
Cultural Universals and Diversity in Human Societies
Cultural Universals
Despite the great diversity of human cultural behavior, it is possible to identify commonalities. When traits are found in all, or almost all, societies, they are called cultural universals.
Language as a Cultural Universal
There is no known culture without language. Depending on how cultures have developed, languages have been developed. Not only does each culture have its own language, but all languages share common elements, such as phonemes (units of sound), words, and grammatical
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