Key Concepts in Personality Psychology: Theories and Development
Key Concepts in Personality Psychology
The Five-Factor Model
The Five-Factor Theory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) proposes personality traits can be categorized using two approaches:
- Categorical Approach: Classifying traits as either present or absent (yes/no).
- Dimensional Approach: Measuring traits on a continuous scale.
The five broad dimensions are:
- Openness to Experience
- Conscientiousness (嚴謹度)
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism (神經質)
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s
Read MoreKey Concepts: Agents of Socialization, Physiological Responses, and More
Agents of Socialization
- Family
- School
- Religion
- Public Institutions
- Media
Physiological Responses to Emotions
- Stronger Heartbeat (Heart Rate Acceleration)
- Faster Breathing
- Muscle Tension
Characteristics of Psychological Tests
- Reliability
- Validity
- Internal Consistency
- Stability
Mental Disorders
- Neurosis: Phobia, Hypochondria, Hysteria
- Psychosis: Schizophrenia, Paranoia, Autism
Factors Involved in Care
- Single Subject Factors: Physical condition, diet, rest
- Stimulating Factors:
- Intensity of the stimulus
- Mode of stimulus:
Mastering Qualitative Interviews: Types & Best Practices
Understanding Qualitative Interviews
Although it is implemented, it may not achieve a complete immersion in the social reality under study, to the point of view to reach the eyes of the people observed. At least you can get an approximation of the parsing and motivations that give these people for their behavior. That degree of intensity in the interaction between interviewer and interviewee, as Fontana and Frey say, the interview becomes active interaction leading to a negotiated outcome based and
Read MoreMaslow & Fromm: Human Needs & Personality Theories
Maslow’s Theory of Needs
Maslow defines a need as a state of deficit experienced as a motive, which is a conscious desire or impulse for a specific thing. Higher needs are considered instinctoid, resembling instincts. These needs exist in a hierarchy governed by the principle of prepotency (lower needs must be met before higher ones). Deprivation of these needs can lead to pathology, falling into categories like neurosis, psychosis, and personality disorders.
Higher needs can be characterized as remnants
Read MoreUnderstanding Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Theories and Applications
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis was founded by the German psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.
Basic Principles of Freudian Psychology
- Past childhood experiences shape behaviors.
- Behavioral symptoms are the outward manifestation of deeper psychological processes.
- To change behavior, you have to access the individual’s internal psychological state.
The practical application of psychoanalysis in social work was not initially widespread. In Tanzania, for example, Darwinism was used, then psychoanalysis appeared to
Understanding Emotional Development, Attachment, and Socialization
Definition of Emotion: Emotion is the preparation of a person to establish, maintain, or change their relationship with the environment. It is a complex process consisting of innate, subjective, physiological, and behavioral components.
Emotional Development and Its Impact
Emotional development refers to the process by which a child constructs their identity, self-esteem, security, and self-confidence through interactions. Through these interactions, the child is able to distinguish, express, and
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