Pre-Scientific Stage of Criminology

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Item 6. The Pre-Scientific Stage of Criminology

Origins

The pre-scientific stage of criminology is an early stage that reaches up to around 1750. Until then, the prevailing approach to crime was the law of retaliation (“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”). Earlier, during the Middle Ages, rules were primarily social or religious, and punishments were often corporal. In the pre-scientific stage of criminology, two approaches can be distinguished based on the methods used:

1. The Classic Approach

A

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The Evolution of Criminology: From Pre-Scientific Beginnings to Statistical Analysis

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Item 6. The pre-scientific stage of the CGIA. Origen. Classical approach. Thomas More. Lardizabal. Beccaria’s work. Early empirical trial and error: pioneering penology (Howard and
Bentham), physiognomy (Dellaporta and Lavater), phrenology (Gall Cubí), psychiatry (Pinel, Esquirol, Prichard, Despina and Morell) and anthropology (Darwin). The school mapping or moral statistics (Quetelet and Guerry)
.
Origins. The pre-scientific stage of criminology is an early stage that reaches up to 1750 or so.

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Cultural Anthropology: A Materialist Perspective

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History of Anthropology

Social and Cultural Anthropology

Social and cultural anthropology examines how people live in society, including their customs, language, and behaviors. Social anthropologists study the relationship between behavioral patterns and values, standards, and material culture.

Anthropological Research

This anthropological research delves into the lifestyles of diverse cultures, particularly those with seemingly irrational or inexplicable practices. Harris analyzes ethnographic descriptions

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Learning Theories in the Classroom: Classical, Operant, and Social Learning

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Classical Conditioning

Definition: A type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response to a stimulus to a previously neutral stimulus, which then becomes conditioned.

Requirements of Classical Conditioning:

  1. Order of Presentation of Stimuli: Firstly, we present the Neutral Stimulus (NS) and shortly after the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).
  2. Time: Seconds must mediate between the NS and US.
  3. Repetition: The sequence is repeated several times to produce the pairing of stimuli.

Features

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Understanding Depression and Mental Health in Adolescence

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Understanding Depression and Mental Health

More Than Just Sadness

Depression is more than feeling sad, mourning excessively, or being tired. It’s an experience that many people face at least once in their lives.

Symptoms of Depression

Here are some common signs of depression:

  1. Mood Changes: Feeling down, withdrawn, serious, isolated, or irritable. Mood can fluctuate throughout the day.
  2. Loss of Interest: Losing interest in activities that once brought pleasure.
  3. Feelings of Guilt: Dwelling on past actions
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Understanding Human Behavior and Psychology

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Human Behavior and Psychology

What is Behavior?

Behavior encompasses any action performed by an individual. It manifests in three primary areas:

  • Mental: Thinking, dreaming, reading, etc.
  • Physical: Walking, running, moving your hands, etc.
  • Social: Talking to another person, telling a joke, etc.

While behavior often involves all three areas simultaneously, one area typically dominates. Behavior has two dimensions: internal (not observable) and external (observable).

Behavior as an Expression of Personality

Behavior

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