Cognitive Biases and Moral Foundations: Understanding Human Judgment
Foundations of Moral Psychology
Theories of Moral Origin
Three primary perspectives on the source of morality:
- Nativism: Morality stems from inborn traits (Nature).
- Empiricism: Morality is derived from experience (starting as blank slates) (Nurture).
- Rationalism: Morality is self-constructed through logical reasoning.
Defining Rationalism (Heidt)
A Rationalist is anyone who believes logical reasoning is the best way to obtain knowledge and insight about the world.
The Heinz Dilemma
A classic ethical problem
Read MoreVirtual Reality Exposure for OCD Contamination: Efficacy and Future Directions
Virtual Reality in OCD Treatment: An Introduction
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating mental illness characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety. Among its subtypes, OCD contamination is notably prevalent and disturbing. Individuals affected by this subtype often engage in excessive washing and avoidance behaviors due to irrational fears of germs, disease, or dirt.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Read MoreCore Concepts in Cognitive Psychology and Learning Theories
Working Memory: Concepts and Characteristics
Working memory is a memory buffer that allows us to retain and manipulate information temporarily, as part of a broad range of essential cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and understanding.
Working Memory Capacity (Memory Span)
Memory span refers to the ability to verbally repeat a sequence of stimuli (such as digits or nonsense syllables).
Factors Affecting Memory Span
- Auditory presentation tends to produce better memory recall than visual presentation.
Psychological Foundations: Intelligence, Development, and Personality Theories
Eminent Giftedness and High Achievement
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Renzulli (2002): Giftedness is the intersection of three factors:
- Intelligence
- Exceptional motivation
- High creativity
- Simonton (2001) – Drudge Theory: Gifted individuals push themselves harder and benefit more from intensive practice.
- Winner’s Perspective: Hard work may be a result of inborn ability; the gifted are more likely to find efforts rewarding and thus work harder.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Environmental Factors
Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis
Children
Read MoreCore Concepts of Organizational Behavior and Human Dynamics
Understanding Human Behavior in Organizations
The Unique Nature of Individuals
All human beings are unique and unrepeatable. No two people are alike in this world. While we share many similarities that bring us together, we also individually differ.
Individual Differences
There are basic or fundamental concepts of organizational behavior that we must always keep in mind to understand our own behavior and that of others within the organization.
The Concept of the Whole Person
As people, we are an integrated
Read MoreUnderstanding Mental Disorders: Causes, Classification, and Types
Causes of Mental Disorders
The etiology of mental disorders is approached through several theoretical frameworks:
Psychoanalysis and Related Theories
These theories suggest that disorders express unconscious conflicts generally arising from trauma experienced in childhood.
Behaviorism and Cognitive Psychology
Mental disorders are acquired when learning processes lead to inappropriate interpretations or behaviors.
Biologically Inspired Theories
These theories emphasize genetic and hormonal factors, as well