Fundamental Physics Concepts: Questions and Solutions
Natural Phenomena for Time Standards
Q.1 Name several repetitive phenomena in nature for time standard.
- Earth-Sun System
- Moon-Earth System
- Human Pulse
- Quartz Crystal Vibration
Pendulum as a Time Standard: Drawbacks
Q.2 Drawbacks of using a pendulum as a time standard.
- Length and gravitational acceleration (g) vary.
- Friction affects its motion.
- Air resistance influences its period.
Kilogram vs. Mole: Understanding Mass and Quantity
Q.3 Why use both kilogram (kg) and mole?
- Kilogram (kg): Represents the mass of
Physics of Periodic Motion and Wave Propagation
Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
A movement is called periodic when its position, velocity, and acceleration repeat after a certain time interval, known as the period. An example is uniform circular motion.
These movements are also called oscillatory movements. Whenever an object returns to its starting position, it has completed an oscillation (or swing), and the time taken is its period. If these oscillations are very fast, they are called vibrations or vibratory motion.
A typical case of vibratory
Read MoreElectromagnetism & RF Fundamentals: Key Concepts Explained
Maxwell’s First Equation: Gauss’s Law for Electricity
Maxwell’s First Equation, also known as Gauss’s Law for Electricity, is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism.
Equation:
∇ · E = ρ / ε₀
Explanation:
- This equation states that the electric flux diverging from a point is proportional to the electric charge density (ρ) at that point.
- E is the electric field vector.
- ε₀ is the permittivity of free space.
Physical Meaning:
- It shows that electric charges are the source of electric fields.
- Positive
Metallurgical Optical Microscope: Principles and Components
Metallurgical Optical Microscope
A metallurgical optical microscope, also known as a metallographic microscope, is a specialized type of optical microscope designed for the examination and analysis of opaque materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers. It is a valuable tool in materials science, metallurgy, and other fields where the microstructure of materials needs to be studied.
Working Principle
The working principle of a metallurgical optical microscope is based on the reflection and refraction
Read MoreLight Physics: Electromagnetic Waves, Mirrors, Lenses
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Seven Types
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses various forms of energy, each with unique properties and applications:
- Gamma-rays: Highly energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, often associated with nuclear processes.
- X-rays: Used for medical imaging (e.g., seeing bones) and security scans.
- Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and is used in nail curing lamps.
- Visible Light: The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can
Foundations of Science and Technology: Key Discoveries and Thinkers
Understanding Science and Technology
Science is knowledge that depends on observation and experimentation, an attempt to understand nature. It is knowledge based on observation, the scientific method, and an ordering of knowledge of nature, forming an organizational system.
Types of Science
- Hard Science: Factual, stable, and undeniable. Examples include mathematics, physics, and chemistry. These fields lead to advancements like cars, televisions, and computers.
- Soft Science: Not always amenable to precise