Company Directors: Appointment, Powers, Duties & Qualifications

Introduction

A company is a legal entity and does not have any physical existence. It can act only through natural persons to run its affairs. The individuals who act on its behalf are called directors. In short, directors of a company are professionals hired by the company to direct its affairs. However, they are not merely employees; they are officers of the company.

Definition of a Director

According to Section 2(13) of the Companies Ordinance, a ‘Director’ includes any person occupying the position
Read More

Understanding Social Responsibilities and Values

Understanding Social Behavior

Types of Responsibilities

  • Promise of Speech: When one undertakes to do or say anything, they are responsible for fulfilling that promise.
  • Contractual Promises: Signing a contract makes us responsible for the agreement.
  • Assignments: When we assign responsibility to another, not only are they responsible, but we are also responsible for having assigned it.
  • Occupations: When we are responsible for a job, we are also responsible for its outcome, whether good or bad.
  • Citizen Rights:
Read More

Philosophy: Core Distinctions and Historical Periods

Philosophy vs. Religion

Philosophy differs significantly from religion primarily because philosophy does not rely on revealed knowledge. Philosophical knowledge is acquired through rational reflection on human experience and history, using reason as its primary tool. We understand concepts in philosophy because we can reason about them. In contrast, religion often involves knowledge based on faith rather than reason; one accepts certain truths based on trust in a revealed source, even if they are

Read More

Core Concepts in Plato: Metaphysics, Knowledge, and Politics

Plato’s Metaphysics: Two Worlds (Ontology)

Plato argues for the existence of two distinct realms of reality, a concept known as ontological dualism.

The Intelligible World (World of Ideas)

This realm is the true reality, populated by the Forms or Ideas.

  • Ideas are the arche (origin and essence) of all things.
  • Ontological characteristics of Ideas: They are eternal, immutable, universal, perfect, independent, self-subsistent, abstract, and intangible.
  • Humans cannot perceive Ideas directly through the senses;
Read More

Values, Rights, Duties, and Moral Development

Understanding Values

Values are:

  • Projects and ideals that human beings want to notice, search for, and desire.
  • Personal options that are chosen and acquired through the free exercise of will.
  • Beliefs attached to the personality of human beings, an important part of their identity.
  • Indicators that guide the life, conduct, and behavior of people.

Types of Values

Guide values or large values include peace, freedom, justice, equality, and solidarity. We also have other values such as:

  • Aesthetic values: beauty,
Read More

Kant’s Philosophy: Metaphysics, Freedom, Knowledge

Kant’s Metaphysics: The Ideas of Reason

Reason is a faculty of the subject and contains three ideas:

  • The I: Makes us think of the only explanation for all knowledge of internal experiences.
  • The World: Makes us think of the ultimate explanation for all external knowledge and experiences.
  • God: The root of all that is (internal and external experiences).

When we use these ideas, we engage in metaphysics. This is not the same as empirical knowledge, but rather the thought that Kant says is true for three

Read More